Materials selection in mechanical design / Michael F. Ashby

Includes index

Contents Preface Features of the Fourth Edition chapter 1 Introduction 1.1. Introduction and Synopsis 1.2. Materials in Design 1.3. The Evolution of Engineering Materials 1.4. The Evolution of Materials in Products 1.5. Summary and Conclusions 1.6. Further Reading chapter 2 The Design Process 2.1. Introduction and Synopsis 2.2. The Design Process 2.3. Types of Design 2.4. Design Tools and Materials Data 2.5. Function, Material, Shape, and Process 2.6. Case Study: Devices to Open Corked Bottles 2.7. Summary and Conclusions 2.8. Further Reading chapter 3 Engineering Materials and Their Properties 3.1. Introduction and Synopsis 3.2. The Families of Engineering Materials 3.3. Materials Information for Design 3.4. Material Properties and Their Units 3.5. Summary and Conclusions 3.6. Further Reading chapter 4 Material Property Charts 4.1. Introduction and Synopsis 4.2. Exploring Material Properties 4.3. The Material Property Charts 4.4. Summary and Conclusions 4.5. Further Reading chapter 5 Materials Selection---The Basics 5.1. Introduction and Synopsis 5.2. The Selection Strategy 5.3. Material Indices 5.4. The Selection Procedure 5.5. Computer-aided Selection 5.6. The Structural Index 5.7. Summary and Conclusions 5.8. Further Reading chapter 6 Case Studies: Materials Selection 6.1. Introduction and Synopsis 6.2. Materials for Oars 6.3. Mirrors for Large Telescopes 6.4. Materials for Table Legs 6.5. Cost: Structural Materials for Buildings 6.6. Materials for Flywheels 6.7. Materials for Springs 6.8. Elastic Hinges and Couplings 6.9. Materials for Seals 6.10. Deflection-limited Design with Brittle Polymers 6.11. Safe Pressure Vessels 6.12. Stiff, High-damping Materials for Shaker Tables 6.13. Insulation for Short-term Isothermal Containers 6.14. Energy-efficient Kiln Walls 6.15. Materials for Passive Solar Heating 6.16. Materials to Minimize Thermal Distortion in Precision Devices 6.17. Materials for Heat Exchangers 6.18. Heat Sinks for Hot Microchips 6.19. Materials for Radomes 6.20. Summary and Conclusions 6.21. Further Reading chapter 7 Multiple Constraints and Conflicting Objectives 7.1. Introduction and Synopsis 7.2. Selection with Multiple Constraints 7.3. Conflicting Objectives 7.4. Summary and Conclusions 7.5. Further Reading 7.6. Appendix: Weight Factors and Fuzzy Methods chapter 8 Case Studies: Multiple Constraints and Conflicting Objectives 8.1. Introduction and Synopsis 8.2. Multiple Constraints: Light Pressure Vessels 8.3. Multiple Constraints: Conrods for High-performance Engines 8.4. Multiple Constraints: Windings for High-field Magnets 8.5. Conflicting Objectives: Table Legs Again 8.6. Conflicting Objectives: Wafer-thin Casings for Must-have Electronics 8.7. Conflicting Objectives: Materials for a Disk-brake Caliper 8.8. Summary and Conclusions chapter 9 Selection of Material and Shape 9.1. Introduction and Synopsis 9.2. Shape Factors 9.3. Limits to Shape Efficiency 9.4. Exploring Material-shape Combinations 9.5. Material Indices That Include Shape 9.6. Graphical Coselecting Using Indices 9.7. Architectured Materials: Microscopic Shape 9.8. Summary and Conclusions 9.9. Further Reading chapter 10 Case Studies: Material and Shape 10.1. Introduction and Synopsis 10.2. Spars for Human-powered Planes 10.3. Forks for a Racing Bicycle 10.4. Floor Joists: Wood, Bamboo, or Steel? 10.5. Table Legs Yet Again: Thin or Light? 10.6. Increasing the Stiffness of Steel Sheet 10.7. Shapes that Flex: Leaf and Strand Structures 10.8. Ultra-efficient Springs 10.9. Summary and Conclusions chapter 11 Designing Hybrid Materials 11.1. Introduction and Synopsis 11.2. Holes in Material-property Space 11.3. The Method: "A + B + Configuration + Scale" 11.4. Composites 11.5. Sandwich Structures 11.6. Cellular Structures: Foams and Lattices 11.7. Segmented Structures 11.8. Summary and Conclusions 11.9. Further Reading chapter 12 Case Studies: Hybrids 12.1. Introduction and Synopsis 12.2. Designing Metal Matrix Composites 12.3. Flexible Conductors and Percolation 12.4. Extreme Combinations of Thermal and Electrical Conduction 12.5. Refrigerator Walls 12.6. Materials for Microwave-transparent Enclosures 12.7. Connectors that Don't Relax Their Grip 12.8. Exploiting Anisotropy: Heat-spreading Surfaces 12.9. The Mechanical Efficiency of Natural Materials 12.10. Further Reading: Natural Materials chapter 13 Processes and Process Selection 13.1. Introduction and Synopsis 13.2. Classifying Processes 13.3. The Processes: Shaping, Joining, Finishing 13.4. Processing for Properties 13.5. Systematic Process Selection 13.6. Ranking: Process Cost 13.7. Computer-aided Process Selection 13.8. Summary and Conclusions 13.9. Further Reading chapter 14 Case Studies: Process Selection 14.1. Introduction and Synopsis 14.2. Casting an Aluminum Con-rod 14.3. Forming a Fan 14.4. Spark Plug Insulators 14.5. A Manifold Jacket 14.6. Joining a Steel Radiator 14.7. Surface-hardening a Ball-bearing Race 14.8. Summary and Conclusions chapter 15 Materials and the Environment 15.1. Introduction and Synopsis 15.2. The Material Life-cycle 15.3. Material and Energy-consuming Systems 15.4. The Eco-attributes of Materials 15.5. Eco-selection 15.6. Case Studies: Drink Containers and Crash Barriers 15.7. Summary and Conclusions 15.8. Further Reading chapter 16 Materials and Industrial Design 16.1. Introduction and Synopsis 16.2. The Requirements Pyramid 16.3. Product Character 16.4. Using Materials and Processes to Create Product Personality 16.5. Summary and Conclusions 16.6. Further Reading chapter 17 Forces for Change 17.1. Introduction and Synopsis 17.2. Market Pull and Science Push 17.3. Growing Population and Wealth and Market Saturation 17.4. Product Liability and Service Provision 17.5. Miniaturization and Multifunctionality 17.6. Concern for the Environment and for the Individual 17.7. Summary and Conclusions 17.8. Further Reading APPENDIX A Data for Engineering Materials Table A.1 Names and Applications: Metals and Alloys; Polymers and Foams; and Composites, Ceramics, Glasses, and Natural Materials Table A.2 Melting Temperature, Tm, and Glass Temperature, Tg Table A.3 Density, ρ Table A.4 Young's Modulus, E Table A.5 Yield Strength, σy and Tensile Strength, σts Table A.6 Fracture Toughness (plane strain), KIC Table A.7 Thermal Conductivity, λ, and Thermal Expansion, α Table A.8 Heat Capacity, Cp Table A.9 Resistivity and Dielectric Constant Table A.10 Embodied Energy and CO2 Footprint Table A.11 Approximate Material Prices, Cm Ways of Checking and Estimating Data Further Reading APPENDIX B Useful Solutions for Standard Problems Introduction and Synopsis B.1. Constitutive Equations for Mechanical Response B.2. Moments of Sections B.3. Elastic Bending of Beams B.4. Failure of Beams and Panels B.5. Buckling of Columns, Plates, and Shells B.6. Torsion of Shafts B.7. Static and Spinning Disks B.8. Contact Stresses B.9. Estimates for Stress Concentrations B.10. Sharp Cracks B.11. Pressure Vessels B.12. Vibrating Beams, Tubes, and Disks B.13. Creep and Creep Fracture B.14. Flow of Heat and Matter B.15. Solutions for Diffusion Equations B.16. Further Reading APPENDIX C Material Indices C.1. Introduction and Synopsis C.2. Uses of Material Indices APPENDIX D Data Sources for Documentation D.1. Introduction D.2. Information Sources for Materials D.3. Information for Manufacturing Processes D.4. Databases and Expert Systems as Software D.5. Additional Useful Internet Sites APPENDIX E Exercises E.1. Introduction to Exercises E.2. Material Evolution in Products (Chapter 1) E.3. Devising Concepts (Chapter 2) E.4. Using Material Properties (Chapter 3) E.5. Using Material Property Charts (Chapter 4) E.6. Translation: Constraints and Objectives (Chapters 5 and 6) E.7. Deriving and

Using Material Indices (Chapters 5 and 6) E.8. Multiple Constraints and Objectives (Chapters 7 and 8) E.9. Selecting Material and Shape (Chapters 9 and 10) E.10. Hybrid Materials (Chapters 11 and 12) E.11. Selecting Processes (Chapters 13 and 14) E.12. Materials and the Environment (Chapter 15) Index

Understanding materials, their properties and behavior is fundamental to engineering design, and a key application of materials science. Written for all students of engineering, this book describes the procedures for material selection in mechanical design