Foundations and earth retaining structures / Muni Budhu

Includes bibliographical references (pages 465-471) and index

1 Chapter 1 REVIEW OF BASIC SOIL MECHANICS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS 1.2 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY 1.2.1 Soil formation 1.2.2 Soil fabric 1.2.3 Soil minerals 1.3 SOIL TYPES AND DESCRIPTION 1.3.1 General soil types and their qualities for engineering applications 1.3.2 Common soil types 1.3.3 Soil description and identification 1.4 SOIL PHASES 1.5 PARTICLE SIZE OF SOILS 1.6 PHYSICAL SOIL STATES AND INDEX PROPERTIES OF FINE-GRAINED SOILS 1.7 SOIL CLASSIFICATION 1.8 ONE DIMENSIONAL FLOW OF WATER THROUGH SOILS 1.9 TWO DIMENSIONAL FLOW OF WATER THROUGH SOILS 1.10 SOIL COMPACTION 1.11 GEOSTATIC STRESSES IN SOILS AND THE PRINCIPLE OF EFFECTIVE STRESS 1.12 SUMMARY EXERCISES 2 Chapter 2 ¿ FOUNDATION LOADS, STRESSES AND STRAINS IN SOILS 2.0 INTRODUCTION 2.1 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS 2.2 LOADS 2.2.1 Static loads 2.2.2 Dynamic Loads 2.3 STRESSES AND STRAINS 2.3.1 Normal stresses and normal strains 2.3.2 Shear stresses and shear strains 2.4 STRESSES IN SOILS FROM SURFACE AND INTERIOR LOADS 2.4.1 Vertical point load on soil surface¿ Boussinesq¿s solution 2.4.2 Strip surface loads 2.4.3 Uniformly distributed circular surface load 2.4.4 Uniformly distributed rectangular surface load 2.4.5 Embankment loads 2.4.6 Approximate method for rectangular loads 2.4.7 Uniformly distributed surface load on irregular shaped area ¿ Newmark¿s solution 2.4.8 Uniform load of large lateral extent 2.4.9 Horizontal point load parallel to soil surface ¿ Cerutti¿s solution 2.4.10 Vertical point load within soil mass ¿ Mindlin¿s solution 2.4.11 Influence of foundation-soil relative stiffness on stress distribution 2.5 LATERAL EFFECTIVE STRESS COEFFICIENTS 2.6 STRESS AND STRAIN STATES 2.6.1 Mohr¿s circle for stress states 2.6.2 Mohr¿s circle for strain states 2.7 STRESS AND STRAIN INVARIANTS 2.8 STRESS PATHS 2.8.1 Basic concept 2.8.2 Plotting stress paths 2.9 SUMMARY PRACTICAL EXAMPLE EXERCISES 3 CHAPTER 3 ¿ ANALYTICAL, NUMERICAL METHODS AND OBSERVATIONAL METHODS FOR FOUNDATION DESIGN 3.0 INTRODUCTION 3.1 DEFINTION OF KEY TERMS 3.2 STRESS ¿ STRAIN RESPONSE OF IDEAL MATERIALS 3.2.1 Elastic materials 3.2.2 Plastic materials 3.3 YIELDING OF SOILS 3.4 FAILURE CRITERIA 3.4.1 Coulomb 3.4.2 Mohr-Coulomb 3.4.3 Tresca 3.4.4 Taylor 3.4.5 Critical state 3.5 LIMIT EQUILIBRIUM 3.6 LIMIT ANALYSIS 3.7 NUMERICAL METHODS 3.7.1 Soil Models 3.7.2 Finite difference method (FDM) 3.7.3 Finite element method (FEM) 3.7.4 Bounday element method (BEM) 3.7.5 Using numerical methods in foundation design 3.8 OBSERVATIONAL METHODS 3.9 PHYSICAL SOIL MODELS 3.10 SUMMARY PRACTICAL EXAMPLE EXCERCISES 4 CHAPTER 4 ¿ SETTLEMENT, STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION PARAMETERS FROM LABORATORY TESTS 4.0 INTRODUCTION 4.1 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS 4.2 CONSOLIDATION AND SETTLEMENT PARAMETERS 4.2.1 Basic concept 4.2.2 One-dimensional consolidation theory 4.2.3 Consolidation settlement parameters 4.2.4 Determination of the pre-consolidation effective stress 4.3 SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS 4.3.1 Stress-strain response 4.3.2 Interpretation of shear strength parameters from popular tests 4.3.2.1 Simple pouring test to determine the friction angle of clean coarse-grained soils 4.3.2.2 Direct shear test ¿ ASTM D 3080 4.3.2.3 Triaxial tests 4.3.2.4 Direct simple shear tests 4.4 EXCESS POREWATER PRESSURE UNDER AXISYMMETRIC UNDRAINED LOADING 4.5 PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE INTERPRETATION OF SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS 4.6 SOIL STIFFNESS 4.7 CORRELATIONS OF SETTLEMENT, STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS PARAMETERS USING SIMPLE LABORATORY TESTS 4.7.1 Settlement parameters 4.7.2 Shear strength parameters 4.7.3 Soil stiffness 4.8 DIFFICULT SOILS 4.9 SUMMARY EXERCISES 5 CHAPTER 5 ¿ SITE CHARACTERIZATION 5.0 INTRODUCTION 5.1 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS 5.2 PURPOSES OF SITE CHARACTERIZATION 5.3 PHASES OF SITE CHARACTERIZATION 5.4 MAPPING THE SUBSURFACE USING GEOPHYSICAL METHODS 5.4.1 Ground penetrating radar (GPR) 5.4.2 Seismic surveys 5.4.3 Electromagnetic surveys (EM) 5.5 MAPPING THE SUBSURFACE AND SAMPLING USING DESTRUCTIVE METHODS 5.5.1 Which method is best for the project? 5.5.2 Where should the borings be located? 5.5.3 How many borings and at what depths? 5.5.4 What methods and procedures should be used to advance the borings? 5.5.5 How to sample the soils? 5.5.6 What type of tests should be conducted? 5.6 IN SITU TESTS 5.6.1 Standard penetration tests (SPT) ¿ ASTM D 1586 5.6.2 Vane shear test (VST) ¿ ASTM D 2573 5.6.3 Cone penetrometer test (CPT) ¿ ASTM D 5778 5.6.4 Flat plate dilatometer (DMT) 5.6.5 Pressuremeter tests (PMT) ¿ ASTM D 4719 5.6.6 Plate loading tests (PLT) - ASTM D 1194 5.6.7 Hydraulic conductivity tests (HCT)- ASTM D 4043 5.6.8 Comparison of in situ test 5.7 LABORATORY TESTS 5.8 GEOTECHNICAL REPORT 5.9 EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR SETTLEMENT AND SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS 5.10 LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL 5.10.1 Basic concept 5.10.2 Evaluation of liquefaction potential 5.11 SUMMARY PRACTICAL EXAMPLE EXERCISES 6 CHAPTER 6 ¿ UNCERTAINTIES IN FOUNDATION DESIGN, FOUNDATION DESIGN PHILOSOPHY AND METHODOLOGIES 6.0 INTRODUCTION 6.1 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS 6.2 UNCERTAINTIES IN FOUNDATION DESIGN 6.3 DESIGN PROCESS 6.4 LIMIT STATES 6.4.1 Ultimate limit state (ULS) 6.4.2 Serviceability limit state (SLS) 6.4.3 Limit State Provisions 6.5 DESIGN METHODS 6.5.1 Allowable stress design (ASD) 6.5.2 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) 6.5.3 ASD and LRFD to satisfy serviceability limit state 6.6 WHICH DESIGN METHOD SHOULD BE USED? 6.7 HOW DO I START? 6.8 SUMMARY EXERCISES 7 CHAPTER 7¿ DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 7.0 INTRODUCTION 7.1 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS 7.2 TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 7.3 BEARING CAPACTIY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 7.3.1 General bearing capacity for homogeneous soils 7.3.1.1 Ultimate net bearing capacity 7.3.1.2 Allowable bearing capacity 7.3.1.3 Ultimate gross bearing capacity 7.3.1.4 Bearing capacity for special cases 7.3.1.5 Bearing capacity, geometric, compressibility and groundwater factors 7.3.2 Combined loading 7.3.2.1 Circular and rectangular foundations 7.3.2.2 Strip foundation 7.4 LAYERED SOILS 7.4.1 Two layered fine-grained soils 7.4.2 Coarse-grained soil over a fine-grained soil 7.4.3 Practical guidelines for layered soils 7.5 SOIL STRENGTH VARYING WITH DEPTH 7.6 PRESUMPTIVE ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY 7.7 SETTLEMENT OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 7.7.1 Immediate settlement 7.7.2 Primary consolidation settlement 7.7.3 Secondary Compression (Creep) 7.7.4 Modification to one-dimensional consolidation settlement to account for lateral stresses 7.7.5 Time rate of settlement 7.7.6 Thick layers 7.7.7 Procedure to calculate consolidation settlement 7.8 DETERMINATION OF BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT USING DATA FROM IN SITU TESTS 7.8.1 SPT 7.8.2 CPT 7.8.3 Pressuremeter 7.8.4 Plate load test 7.9 SEISMIC BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT OF SHALLOW FOOTINGS 7.10 BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT USING NUMERICAL METHODS 7.11 DESIGN FOR DUCTILITY 7.12 DESIGN ISSUES 7.12.1 Soil improvement 7.12.2 Drainage 7.12.3 Foundation depth for horizontal load and environmental effects 7.12.4 Expansive soils 7.12.5 Global stability 7.12.6 Construction 7.12.7 Seismicity 7.13 DESIGN PROCEDURES 7.14 SUMMARY PRACTICAL EXAMPLES EXERCISES 8 CHAPTER 8 ¿PILE FOUNDATIONS 8.0 INTRODUCTION 8.1 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS 8.2 CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE USE OF PILE FOUNDATIONS 8.3 PILE TYPES 8.4 PILE INSTALLATION 8.5 LOAD CAPACITY OF SINGLE PILES 8.6 LOAD CAPACITY USING STATICS- DRIVEN PILES 8.6.1 ? - Method - total stress analysis - short term loading in fine-grained soils 8.6.2 ?- Method - effective stress analysis ¿ long and short term short term conditions in coarse-grained soils and long term condition in fine-grained soils 8.7 LOAD CAPACITYFOR DRIVEN PILES BASED ON SPT AND CPT RESULTS 8.7.1 SPT (Meyerhof, 1976) 8.7.2 CPT 8.8 LOAD

CAPACITYFOR OF DRILLED SHAFTS 8.8.1 The ? - method for fine-grained soils - total stress analysis 8.8.2 The ?-method - effective stress analysis ¿ long and short term short term conditions in coarse-grained soils and long term condition in fine-grained soils 8.9 UPLIFT RESISTANCE 8.10 PILES SUBJECTED TO NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION 8.11 GROUP PILES 8.12 COMBINED AXIAL LOAD AND MOMENTS 8.13 SETTLEMENT OF PILES 8.13.1 Elastic settlement 8.13.2 Settlement of drilled shafts 8.13.3 Consolidation settlement under a pile group 8.13.4 Procedure to estimate settlement of single and group piles 8.14 PILE LOAD TEST 8.15 LATERALLY LOADED PILES 8.15.1 Basic concept 8.15.2 Basic structural mechanics for laterally loaded piles 8.16 DESIGN ISSUES AND PROCEDURES 8.16.1 Evaluate the need for a pile foundation 8.16.2 Pile selection 8.16.3 Pile splicing 8.16.4 Pile handling 8.16.5 Scour 8.16.6 Pile installation 8.16.7 Pile verticality and pile batter 8.16.8 Determination load capacity by using parameters that will lead to a ductile response 8.16.9 Pile integrity during and after installation 8.16.10 Cost 8.17 SUMMARY PRACTICAL EXAMPLES EXERCISES 9 CHAPTER 9¿ MAT FOUNDATIONS 9.0 INTRODUCTION 9.1 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS 9.2 CONSIDERATIONS FOR USING MAT FOUNDATIONS 9.3 TYPES OF MAT FOUNDATIONS 9.4 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 9.5 PRESSURES ON A MAT FOUNDATION 9.6 BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT OF MAT FOUNDATIONS 9.7 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF MAT FOUNDATIONS 9.7.1 Approximate analysis 9.7.2 Mat on springs ¿ Winkler spring model 9.7.3 Mat on soil as a continuum 9.8 APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS FOR STIFFENED SLAB-ON-GRADE ON EXPANSIVE AND COLLAPSIBLE SOILS 9.9 PILED-RAFT FOUNDATIONS 9.10 DESIGN ISSUES 9.10.1 Water content variations 9.10.2 Heaving 9.10.3 Foundation shape 9.10.4 Stability of excavation for rafts 9.11 SUMMARY PRACTICAL EXAMPLES EXERCISES 10 CHAPTER 10¿ STABILITY OF EARTH RETAINING WALLS ¿ RIGID AND FLEXIBLE WALLS 10.0 INTRODUCTION 10.1 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS 10.2 BASIC CONCEPTS ON LATERAL EARTH PRESSURES 10.3 LATERAL STRESSSES FRON SURFACE LOADS 10.4 COLUMBS EARTH PRESSURE THEORY 10.5 RANKINE¿S LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE FOR A SLOPING BACKFILL AND A SLOPING WALL FACE 10.6 LATERAL EARH PRESSURES FOR A TOTAL STRESS ANALYSIS 10.7 APLLICATION OF LATERLA EARTH PRESSURES TO RETAINING WALLS 10.8 TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS AND MODES OF FAILURE 10.9 STABILITY OF RIGID RETAINING WALLS 10.10 SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RIGID RETAINING WALLS 10.11 STABILITY OF FLEXIBILE RETAINING WALL 10.11.1 Analysis of Sheet Pile Walls in Uniform Soils 10.11.2 Analysis of Sheet Pile Walls in Mixed Soils 10.11.3 Consideration of Tension Cracks in Fine-Grained Soils 10.11.4 Methods of Analyses 10.11.5 Stability of Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls using Analytical Methods 10.11.6 Stability of Anchored Sheet Pile Walls using Analytical Methods 10.11.7 10.12 BRACED EXCAVATION 10.13 SUMMARY PRACTICAL EXAMPLES EXERCISES 11 CHAPTER 11¿ MECHANICAL STABILIZED EARTH (MSE) WALLS AND OTHER RETAINING WALLS 11.0 INTRODUCTION 11.1 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS 11.2 BASIC CONCEPTS 11.3 MECHANICAL EARTH STABILIZED (MSE) WALLS 11.3.1 MSE Reinforcement 11.3.2 Stability of Mechanical Stabilized Earth Walls 11.4 SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF MSE WALLS 11.5 IN-SITU REINFORCED WALLS ¿ SOIL NAILING 11.5.1 Basic Concept 11.5.2 Analysis of Soil Nail Walls 11.6 OTHER TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS 11.7 SUMMARY PRACTICAL EXAMPLES EXERCISES APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C