Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution / C.A.J. Appelo, D. Postma

Includes bibliographical references and index

Preface Contents LIST OF EXAMPLES NOTATION 1 INTRODUCTION TO GROUNDWATER GEOCHEMISTRY 1.1 Groundwater as drinking water 1.1.1 Standards for drinking water 1.2 Units of analysis 1.3 Groundwater quality 1.4 Sampling of groundwater 1.4.1 Depth integrated or depth specific sampling 1.4.2 Procedures for sampling of groundwater 1.5 Chemical analysis of groundwater 1.5.1 Field analyses and sample conservation 1.5.2 Accuracy of chemical analysis Problems References 2 FROM RAINWATER TO GROUNDWATER 2.1 The hydrological cycle. 3.2.4 The aquifer as a chemical reactor3.3 Dating of groundwater 3.4 Retardation 3.4.1 The retardation equation 3.4.2 Indifferent and broadening fronts 3.4.3 Sharpening fronts 3.4.4 Solid and solute concentrations 3.5 Diffusion 3.5.1 Diffusion coefficients 3.5.2 Diffusion as a random process 3.5.3 Diffusive transport 3.5.4 Isotope diffusion 3.6 Dispersion 3.6.1 Column breakthrough curves 3.6.2 Dispersion coefficients and dispersivity 3.6.3 Macrodispersivity Problems References 4 MINERALS AND WATER 4.1 Equilibria and the solubility of minerals. 4.2 Corrections for solubility calculations4.2.1 Concentration and activity 4.2.2 Aqueous complexes 4.2.3 Combined complexes and activity corrections 4.2.4 Calculation of saturation states 4.3 Mass action constants and thermodynamics 4.3.1 The calculation of mass action constants 4.3.2 Calculation of mass action constants at different temperature 4.4 Equilibrium calculations with PHREEQC 4.4.1 Speciation calculations using PHREEQC 4.4.2 The PHREEQC database 4.4.3 Mineral equilibration 4.5 Solid solutions 4.5.1 Basic theory 4.5.2 The fractionation factor for solid solutions. 4.5.3 Kinetic effects on the fractionation factor4.6 Kinetics of geochemical processes 4.6.1 Kinetics and equilibrium 4.6.2 Chemical reactions and rates 4.6.3 Temperature dependency of reaction rates 4.6.4 Mechanisms of dissolution and crystallization 4.6.5 Rate laws for mineral dissolution and precipitation Problems References 5 CARBONATES AND CARBON DIOXIDE 5.1 Carbonate minerals 5.2 Dissolved carbonate equilibria 5.2.1 The carbonic acid system 5.2.2 Determining the carbonate speciation in groundwater 5.3 Carbon dioxide in soils 5.4 Calcite solubility and PCO2.