Intelligent automatic generation control / Hassan Bevrani, Takashi Hiyama

Includes bibliographical references and index

Table Of Contents: Preface Acknowledgments 1 Intelligent Power System Operation and Control: Japan Case Study 1.1 Application of Intelligent Methods to Power Systems 1.2 Application to Power System Planning 1.2.1 Expansion Planning of Distribution Systems 1.2.2 Load Forecasting 1.2.3 Unit Commitment 1.2.4 Maintenance Scheduling 1.3 Application to Power System Control and Restoration 1.3.1 Fault Diagnosis 1.3.2 Restoration 1.3.3 Stabilization Control 1.4 Future Implementations 1.5 Summary References 2 Automatic Generation Control (AGC): Fundamentals and Concepts 2.1 AGC in a Modern Power System 2.2 Power System Frequency Control 2.2.1 Primary Control 2.2.2 Supplementary Control 2.2.3 Emergency Control 2.3 Frequency Response Model and AGC Characteristics 2.3.1 Droop Characteristic 2.3.2 Generation-Load Model 2.3.3 Area Interface 2.3.4 Spinning Reserve 2.3.5 Participation Factor 2.3.6 Generation Rate Constraint 2.3.7 Speed Governor Dead-Band 2.3.8 Time Delays 2.4 A Three-Control Area Power System Example 2.5 Summary References 3 Intelligent AGC: Past Achievements and New Perspectives 3.1 Fuzzy Logic AGC 3.1.1 Fuzzy Logic Controller 3.1.2 Fuzzy-Based PI (PID) Controller 3.2 Neuro-Fuzzy and Neural-Networks-Based AGC 3.3 Genetic-Algorithm-Based AGC 3.4 Multiagent-Based AGC 3.5 Combined and Other Intelligent Techniques in AGC 3.6 AGC in a Deregulated Environment 3.7 AGC and Renewable Energy Options 3.7.1 Present Status and Future Prediction 3.7.2 New Technical Challenges 3.7.3 Recent Achievements 3.8 AGC and Microgrids 3.9 Scope for Future Work 3.9.1 Improvement of Modeling and Analysis Tools 3.9.2 Develop Effective Intelligent Control Schemes for Contribution of DGs/RESs in the AGC Issue 3.9.3 Coordination between Regulation Powers of DGs/RESs and Conventional Generators 3.9.4 Improvement of Computing Techniques and Measurement Technologies 3.9.5 Use of Advanced Communication and Information Technology 3.9.6 Update/Define New Grid Codes 3.9.7 Revising of Existing Standards 3.9.8 Updating Deregulation Policies 3.10 Summary References 4 AGC in Restructured Power Systems 4.1 Control Area in New Environment 4.2 AGC Configurations and Frameworks 4.2.1 AGC Configurations 4.2.2 AGC Frameworks 4.3 AGC Markets 4.4 AGC Response and an Updated Model 4.4.1 AGC System and Market Operator 4.4.2 AGC Model and Bilateral Contracts 4.4.3 Need for Intelligent AGC Markets 4.5 Summary References 5 Neural-Network-Based AGC Design 5.1 An Overview 5.2 ANN-Based Control Systems 5.2.1 Fundamental Element of ANNs 5.2.2 Learning and Adaptation 5.2.3 ANNs in Control Systems 5.3 Flexible Neural Network 5.3.1 Flexible Neurons 5.3.2 Learning Algorithms in an FNN 5.4 Bilateral AGC Scheme and Modeling 5.4.1 Bilateral AGC Scheme 5.4.2 Dynamical Modeling 5.5 FNN-Based AGC System 5.6 Application Examples 5.6.1 Single-Control Area 5.6.2 Three-Control Area 5.7 Summary References 6 AGC Systems Concerning Renewable Energy Sources 6.1 An Updated AGC Frequency Response Model 6.2 Frequency Response Analysis 6.3 Simulation Study 6.3.1 Nine-Bus Test System 6.3.2 Thirty-Nine-Bus Test System 6.4 Emergency Frequency Control and RESs 6.5 Key Issues and New Perspectives 6.5.1 Need for Revision of Performance Standards 6.5.2 Further Research Needs 6.6 Summary References 7 AGC Design Using Multiagent Systems 7.1 Multiagent System (MAS): An Introduction 7.2 Multiagent Reinforcement-Learning-Based AGC 7.2.1 Multiagent Reinforcement Learning 7.2.2 Area Control Agent 7.2.3 RL Algorithm 7.2.4 Application to a Thirty-Nine-Bus Test System 7.3 Using GA to Determine Actions and States 7.3.1 Finding Individual's Fitness and Variation Ranges 7.3.2 Application to a Three-Control Area Power System 7.4 An Agent for β Estimation 7.5 Summary References 8 Bayesian-Network-Based AGC Approach 8.1 Bayesian Networks: An Overview 8.1.1 BNs at a Glance 8.1.2 Graphical Models and Representation 8.1.3 A Graphical Model Example 8.1.4 Inference 8.1.5 Learning 8.2 AGC with Wind Farms 8.2.1 Frequency Control and Wind Turbines 8.2.2 Generalized ACE Signal 8.3 Proposed Intelligent Control Scheme 8.3.1 Control Framework 8.3.2 BN Structure 8.3.3 Estimation of Amount of Load Change 8.4 Implementation Methodology 8.4.1 BN Construction 8.4.2 Parameter Learning 8.5 Application Results 8.5.1 Thirty-Nine-Bus Test System 8.5.2 A Real-Time Laboratory Experiment 8.6 Summary References 9 Fuzzy Logic and AGC Systems 9.1 Study Systems 7.1.1 Two Control Areas with Subareas 9.1.2 Thirty-Nine-Bus Power System 9.2 Polar-Information-Based Fuzzy Logic AGC 9.2.1 Polar-Information-Based Fuzzy Logic Control 9.2.2 Simulation Results 9.2.2.1 Trunk Line Power Control 9.2.2.2 Control of Regulation Margin 9.3 PSO-Based Fuzzy Logic AGC 9.3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization 9.3.2 AGC Design Methodology 9.3.3 PSO Algorithm for Setting of Membership Functions 9.3.4 Application Results 9.4 Summary References 10 Frequency Regulation Using Energy Capacitor System 10.1 Fundamentals of the Proposed Control Scheme 10.1.1 Restriction of Control Action (Type I) 10.1.2 Restriction of Control Action (Type II) 10.1.3 Prevention of Excessive Control Action (Type III) 10.2 Study System 10.3 Simulation Results 10.4 Evaluation of Frequency Regulation Performance 10.5 Summary References 11 Application of Genetic Algorithm in AGC Synthesis 11.1 Genetic Algorithm: An Overview 11.1.1 GA Mechanism 11.1.2 GA in Control Systems 11.2 Optimal Tuning of Conventional Controllers 11.3 Multiobjective GA 11.3.1 Multiobjective Optimization 11.3.2 Application to AGC Design 11.4 GA for Tracking Robust Performance Index 11.4.1 Mixed H2/H∞ 11.4.2 Mixed H2/H∞ SOF Design 11.4.3 AGC Synthesis Using GA-Based Robust Performance Tracking 11.5 GA in Learning Process 11.5.1 GA for Finding Training Data in a BN-Based AGC Design 11.5.2 Application Example 11.6 Summary References 12 Frequency Regulation in Isolated Systems with Dispersed Power Sources 12.1 Configuration of Multiagent-Based AGC System 12.1.1 Conventional AGC on Diesel Unit 12.1.2 Coordinated AGC on the ECS and Diesel Unit 12.2 Configuration of Laboratory System 12.3 Experimental Results 12.4 Summary References Index