Electric energy : an introduction / Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi

Table Of Contents: Preface Author List of Acronyms Chapter 1 History of Power Systems 1.1 Thomas A.

Edison (1847-1931) 1.2 Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) 1.3 Battle of AC versus DC 1.4 Today's Power Systems Exercises Chapter 2 Basic Components of Power Systems 2.1 Power Plants 2.1.1 Turbines 2.1.2 Generators 2.2 Transformers 2.3 Transmission Lines 2.4 Distribution Lines 2.5 Conductors 2.5.1 Bundled Conductor 2.5.2 Static (Shield) Wire 2.6 Substations 2.6.1 Potential Transformer 2.6.2 Current Transformer 2.6.3 Circuit Breaker 2.6.4 Disconnecting Switches 2.6.5 Surge Arrester 2.7 Control Centers 2.8 Worldwide Standards for Household Voltage and Frequency 2.8.1 Voltage Standard 2.8.2 Frequency Standard 2.8.2.1 Frequency of Generating Plants 2.8.2.2 Frequency of Power Grids Exercises Chapter 3 Energy Resources 3.1 Fossil Fuel 3.1.1 Oil 3.1.2 Natural Gas 3.1.3 Coal 3.2 Nuclear Fuel Exercises Chapter 4 Power Plants 4.1 Hydroelectric Power Plants 4.1.1 Types of Hydroelectric Power Plants 4.1.2 Impoundment Hydroelectric Power Plants 4.1.2.1 Impulse Turbine 4.1.2.2 Reaction Turbine 4.1.2.3 Reservoir 4.1.2.4 Penstock 4.1.2.5 Power Flow 4.2 Fossil Fuel Power Plants 4.2.1 Thermal Energy Constant 4.2.2 Description of Thermal Power Plant 4.3 Nuclear Power Plants 4.3.1 Nuclear Fuel 4.3.2 Uranium Enrichment 4.3.3 Fission Process 4.3.4 Fission Control 4.3.5 Boiling Water Reactor 4.3.6 Pressurized Water Reactor 4.3.7 CANDU Reactor 4.3.8 Safety Features in Nuclear Power Plants 4.3.9 Disposal of Nuclear Waste 4.3.9.1 Wet Storage 4.3.9.2 Dry Storage 4.3.9.3 Permanent Storage Exercises Chapter 5 Environmental Impact of Power Plants 5.1 Environmental Concerns Related to Fossil Fuel Power Plants 5.1.1 Sulfur Oxides 5.1.2 Nitrogen Oxides 5.1.3 Ozone 5.1.4 Acid Rain 5.1.5 Carbon Dioxide 5.1.6 Ashes 5.1.7 Legionnaires' Disease and Cooling Towers 5.2 Environmental Concerns Related to Hydroelectric Power Plants 5.2.1 Case Study: The Aswan Dam 5.3 Environmental Concerns Related to Nuclear Power Plants 5.3.1 Radioactive Release During Normal Operation 5.3.2 Loss of Coolant 5.3.3 Disposal of Radioactive Waste Exercises Chapter 6 Renewable Energy 6.1 Solar Energy 6.1.1 Passive Solar Energy System 6.1.2 Active Solar Energy System (Photovoltaic) 6.1.2.1 Ideal PV Model 6.1.2.2 Effect of Irradiance and Temperature on Solar Cells 6.1.2.3 PV Module 6.1.2.4 Real Model of PV 6.1.2.5 Daily Power Profile of PV Array 6.1.2.6 Photovoltaic System Integration 6.1.2.7 Evaluation of PV Systems 6.2 Wind Energy 6.2.1 Kinetic Energy of Wind 6.2.2 Wind Turbine 6.2.3 Aerodynamic Force 6.2.4 Angle-of-Attack 6.2.5 Pitch Angle 6.2.6 Coefficient of Performance and Turbine Efficiency 6.2.7 Operating Range of Wind Turbine 6.2.8 Tip Speed Ratio 6.2.9 Feathering 6.2.10 Classifications of Wind Turbines 6.2.10.1 Alignment of Rotating Axis 6.2.10.2 Types of Generators 6.2.10.3 Speed of Rotation 6.2.11 Types of Wind Turbine 6.2.11.1 Type 1 Wind Turbine 6.2.11.2 Type 2 Wind Turbine 6.2.11.3 Type 3 Wind Turbine 6.2.11.4 Type 4 Wind Turbine 6.2.12 Wind Farm Performance 6.2.13 Evaluation of Wind Energy 6.3 Hydrokinetic Systems 6.3.1 Small Hydro Systems 6.3.1.1 Main Components of Small Hydro System 6.3.1.2 Effective Head 6.3.1.3 System Efficiency 6.3.1.4 Site Calculations 6.3.1.5 Evaluation of Small Hydro Systems 6.3.2 Tidal and Stream Energy System 6.3.2.1 Barrage System 6.3.2.2 Water Stream Energy 6.3.2.3 Evaluation of Tidal and Stream Energy 6.3.3 Wave Energy System 6.3.3.1 Buoyant Moored System 6.3.3.2 Hinged Contour System 6.3.3.3 Oscillating Water Column System 6.3.3.4 Evaluation of Wave Energy 6.4 Geothermal Energy 6.4.1 Heat Pump 6.4.2 Geothermal Electricity 6.4.2.1 Geothermal Reservoir 6.4.2.2 Hot Dry Rock 6.4.3 Geothermal Power Plants 6.4.3.1 Evaluation of Geothermal Energy 6.5 Biomass Energy 6.6 Fuel Cell 6.6.1 Hydrogen Fuel 6.6.2 Types of Fuel Cells 6.6.2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 6.6.2.2 Alkaline Fuel Cell 6.6.2.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell 6.6.2.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 6.6.2.5 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell 6.6.2.6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell 6.6.3 Hydrogen Economy 6.6.4 Modeling of Ideal Fuel Cells 6.6.4.1 Thermal Process of Fuel Cells 6.6.4.2 Electrical Process of Fuel Cells 6.6.5 Modeling of Actual Fuel Cells 6.6.5.1 Polarization Characteristics of Fuel Cells 6.6.6 Evaluation of Fuel Cells 6.6.7 Fuel Cells and the Environment 6.6.7.1 Generation of Hydrogen 6.6.7.2 Safety of Hydrogen 6.7 Intermittency of Renewable Systems 6.8 Energy Storage Systems 6.8.1 Pumped Hydro Storage 6.8.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage 6.8.3 Batteries 6.8.4 Flywheels Exercises Chapter 7 Alternating Current Circuits 7.1 Alternating Current Waveform 7.2 Root Mean Square 7.3 Phase Shift 7.4 Concept of Phasors 7.5 Complex Number Analysis 7.6 Complex Impedance 7.6.1 Series Impedance 7.6.2 Parallel Impedance 7.7 Electric Power 7.7.1 Real Power 7.7.2 Reactive Power 7.7.3 Complex Power 7.7.4 Summary of AC Phasors 7.7.5 Power Factor 7.7.6 Problems Related to Reactive Power 7.7.7 Power Factor Correction 7.8 Electric Energy Exercises Chapter 8 Three-Phase Systems 8.1 Generation of Three-Phase Voltages 8.2 Connections of Three-Phase Circuits 8.2.1 Wye-Connected Balanced Source 8.2.2 Delta-Connected Balanced Source 8.2.3 Wye-Connected Balanced Load 8.2.4 Delta-Connected Balanced Load 8.2.5 Circuits with Mixed Connections 8.2.6 Wye-Delta Transformation 8.3 Power Calculations of Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 8.3.1 Three-Phase Power of Balanced Wye Loads 8.3.2 Three-Phase Power of Balanced Delta Loads Exercises Chapter 9 Electric Safety 9.1 Electric Shock 9.1.1 Current Limits of Electric Shocks 9.1.2 Factors Determining the Severity of Electric Shocks 9.1.2.1 Effect of Voltage 9.1.2.2 Effect of Current 9.1.2.3 Effect of Body Resistance 9.1.2.4 Effect of Current Pathway 9.1.2.5 Effect of Shock Duration 9.1.2.6 Effect of Frequency 9.1.2.7 Effect of Ground Resistance 9.2 Ground Resistance 9.2.1 Ground Resistance of Objects 9.2.2 Measuring Ground Resistance of Objects 9.2.3 Ground Resistance of People 9.3 Touch and Step Potentials 9.3.1 Touch Potential 9.3.2 Step Potential 9.4 Electric Safety at Home 9.4.1 Neutral versus Ground 9.4.1.1 Grounding Chassis 9.4.1.2 Bonding Chassis to Neutral 9.4.1.3 Grounding Chassis and Bonding Ground to Neutral 9.4.2 Dwelling Distribution Circuits 9.4.3 Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter 9.4.4 Neutral Integrity 9.4.5 World's Residential Grounding Practices 9.5 Low Frequency Magnetic Field and Its Health Effects 9.5.1 Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields 9.5.2 Biological Effects of Magnetic Field 9.5.3 Standards for Magnetic Field Exercises Chapter 10 Power Electronics 10.1 Power Electronic Devices 10.1.1 Solid-State Diodes 10.1.2 Transistors 10.1.2.1 Bipolar Junction Transistor 10.1.2.2 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor 10.1.3 Thyristors 10.1.3.1 Silicon-Controlled Rectifier 10.1.3.2 Silicon Diode for Alternating Current 10.1.4 Hybrid Power Electronic Devices 10.1.4.1 Darlington Transistor 10.1.4.2 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 10.2 Solid-State Switching Circuits 10.2.1 AC/DC Converters 10.2.1.1 Rectifier Circuits 10.2.1.2 Voltage-Controlled Circuits 10.2.1.3 Constant-Current Circuits 10.2.1.4 Three-Phase Circuits 10.2.2 DC/DC Converters 10.2.2.1 Buck Converter 10.2.2.2 Boost Converter 10.2.2.3 Buck-Boost Converter 10.2.3 DC/AC Converters 10.2.3.1 Single-Phase DC/AC Converter 10.2.3.2 Three-Phase DC/AC Converter 10.2.3.3 Pulse Width Modulation 10.2.4 AC/AC Converters Exercises Chapter 11 Transformers 11.1 Theory of Operation 11.1.1 Voltage Ratio 11.1.2 Current Ratio 11.1.3 Reflected Load Impedance 11.1.4 Transformer Ratings 11.2 Multi-Winding Transformer 11.3 Autotransformer 11.4 Three-Phase Transformer 11.4.1 Three-Phase Transformer Ratings 11.4.1.1 Wye-Wye Transformer 11.4.1.2 Delta-Delta Transformer 11.4.1.3 Wye-Delta

Transformer 11.4.2 Transformer Bank 11.5 Actual Transformer 11.5.1 Analysis of Actual Transformer 11.5.2 Transformer Efficiency 11.5.3 Voltage Regulation Exercises Chapter 12 Electric Machines 12.1 Rotating Magnetic Field 12.2 Rotating Induction Motor 12.2.1 Rotation of Induction Motor 12.2.2 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor 12.2.3 Power Analysis 12.2.4 Speed-Torque Relationship 12.2.5 Starting Torque and Starting Current 12.2.6 Maximum Torque 12.2.7 Starting Methods 12.2.7.1 Voltage Reduction 12.2.7.2 Insertion of Resistance 12.3 Linear Induction Motor 12.3.1 Wheeled Linear Induction Motor 12.3.2 Magnetically Levitated Induction Motor 12.4 Induction Generator 12.5 Synchronous Generator 12.5.1 Synchronous Generator Connected to Infinite Bus 12.5.1.1 Power of Synchronous Generator 12.5.2 Synchronous Generator Connected to Infinite Bus through a Transmission Line 12.5.3 Increase Transmission Capacity 12.5.3.1 Increasing Transmission Capacity by Using Series Capacitor 12.5.3.2 Increasing Transmission Capacity by Using Parallel Lines 12.6 Synchronous Motor 12.6.1 Power of Synchronous Motor 12.6.2 Reactive Power Control and Synchronous Condenser 12.6.3 Motor Torque 12.7 Direct Current Motor 12.7.1 Theory of Operation of DC Motor 12.7.2 Starting of DC Motor 12.7.3 Speed Control of DC Motor 12.8 Stepper Motor 12.8.1 Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor 12.8.2 Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor 12.8.3 Hybrid Stepper Motor 12.8.4 Holding State of Stepper Motor 12.8.5 Rotating Stepper Motor 12.9 Single-Phase Motors 12.9.1 Split-Phase Motors 12.9.2 Capacitor Starting Motors 12.9.3 Shaded-Pole Motors Exercises Chapter 13 Power Quality 13.1 Voltage Problems 13.1.1 Voltage Flickers 13.1.2 Voltage Sag 13.2 Harmonic Problems 13.2.1 Harmonic Distortion of Electric Loads 13.2.2 Resonance due to Harmonics 13.2.3 Effect of Harmonics on Transmission Lines and Cables 13.2.4 Effect of Harmonics on Capacitor Banks 13.2.5 Effect of Harmonics on Electric Machines 13.2.6 Effect of Harmonics on Electric Power 13.2.7 Effect of Harmonics on Communications Exercises Chapter 14 Power Grid and Blackouts 14.1 Topology of Power Systems 14.1.1 Enhancing Power System Reliability by Adding Transmission Lines 14.1.2 Enhancing Power System Reliability by Adding Generation 14.2 Analysis of Power Networks 14.3 Electric Energy Demand 14.4 Trading Electric Energy 14.5 World Wide Web of Power 14.6 Anatomy of Blackouts 14.6.1 Balance of Electric Power 14.6.2 Balance of Electrical and Mechanical Powers 14.6.2.1 Control Actions for Decreased Demand 14.6.2.2 Control Actions for Increased Demand 14.7 Blackout Scenarios 14.7.1 Great Northeast Blackout of 1965 14.7.2 Great Blackout of 1977 14.7.3 Great Blackout of 2003 Exercises Chapter 15 Future Power Systems 15.1 Smart Grid 15.1.1 Intelligent Monitoring 15.1.2 Smart House 15.1.3 Self-Diagnosis and Self-Healing 15.2 Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles 15.3 Alternative Resources 15.4 Less Polluting Power Plants 15.5 Distributed Generation 15.6 Power Electronics 15.7 Enhanced Reliability 15.8 Intelligent Operation, Maintenance, and Training 15.9 Space Power Plants Exercises Appendix A Units and Symbols Appendix B Conversions Appendix C Key Parameters Appendix D Inductors Appendix E Key Integrals Index

"Along with the standard topics of power electronics and electromechanical conversion, this popular text covers energy resources, power plants, environmental impacts of power generation, power system operation, renewable energy, and electrical safety. Focusing on issues encountered daily in practice, the author includes examples based on real systems and data. Now in color, this third edition offers new and expanded coverage on the failure modes of nuclear power plants, interface and integration issues, stray voltage and impulse shocks, the circuits in wind and solar systems, and smart grid technology"-- Provided by publisher

Includes bibliographical references and index