Solar energy fundamentals and modeling techniques : atmosphere, environment, climate change and renewable energy / Zekai Şen

Includes bibliographical references and index.

-- Table Of Contents: 1 Energy and Climate Change 1.1 General 1.2 Energy and Climate 1.3 Energy and Society 1.4 Energy and Industry 1.5 Energy and the Economy 1.6 Energy and the Atmospheric Environment 1.7 Energy and the Future References 2 Atmospheric Environment and Renewable Energy 2.1 General 2.2 Weather, Climate, and Climate Change 2.3 Atmosphere and Its Natural Composition 2.4 Anthropogenic Composition of the Atmosphere 2.4.1 Carbon Dioxide (C07) 2.4.2 Methane (CH4) 2.4.3 Nitrous Oxide (N70) 2.4.4 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 2.4.5 Water Vapor (H20) 2.4.6 Aerosols 2.5 Energy Dynamics in the Atmosphere 2.6 Renewable Energy Alternatives and Climate Change 2.6.1 Solar Energy 2.6.2 Wind Energy 2.6.3 Hydropower Energy 2.6.4 Biomass Energy 2.6.5 Wave Energy 2.6.6 Hydrogen Energy 2.7 Energy Units References 3 Solar Radiation Deterministic Models 3.1 General 3.2 The Sun 3.3 Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum 3.4 Energy Balance of the Earth 3.5 Earth Motion 3.6 Solar Radiation 3.6.1 Irradiation Path 3.7 Solar Constant 3.8 Solar Radiation Calculation 3.8.1 Estimation of Clear-Sky Radiation 3.9 Solar Parameters 3.9.1 Earth's Eccentricity 3.9.2 Solar Time 3.9.3 Useful Angles 3.10 Solar Geometry 3.10.1 Cartesian and Spherical Coordinate System 3.11 Zenith Angle Calculation 3.12 Solar Energy Calculations 3.12.1 Daily Solar Energy on a Horizontal Surface 3.12.2 Solar Energy on an Inclined Surface 3.12.3 Sunrise and Sunset Hour Angles References 4 Linear Solar Energy Models 4.1 General 4.2 Solar Radiation and Daylight Measurement 4.2.1 Instrument Error and Uncertainty 4.2.2 Operational Errors 4.2.3 Diffuse-Irradiance Data Measurement Errors 4.3 Statistical Evaluation of Models 4.3.1 Coefficient of Determination (R2) 4.3.2 Coefficient of Correlation (r) 4.3.3 Mean Bias Error, Mean of Absolute Deviations, and Root Mean Square Error 4.3.4 Outlier Analysis 4.4 Linear Model 4.4.1 Angstrom Model (AM) 4.5 Successive Substitution (SS) Model 4.6 Unrestricted Model (UM) 4.7 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Model 4.8 Linear Cluster Method (LCM) References 5 Non-Linear Solar Energy Models 5.1 General 5.2 Classic Non-Linear Models 5.3 Simple Power Model (SPM) 5.3.1 Estimation of Model Parameters 5.4 Comparison of Different Models 5.5 Solar Irradiance Polygon Model (SIPM) 5.6 Triple Solar Irradiation Model (TSIM) 5.7 Triple Drought–Solar Irradiation Model (TDSIM) 5.8 Fuzzy Logic Model (FLM) 5.8.1 Fuzzy Sets and Logic 5.8.2 Fuzzy Algorithm Application for Solar Radiation 5.9 Geno-Fuzzy Model (GFM) 5.10 Monthly Principal Component Model (MPCM) 5.11 Parabolic Monthly Irradiation Model (PMIM) 5.12 Solar Radiation Estimation from Ambient Air Temperature References 6 Spatial Solar Energy Models 6.1 General 6.2 Spatial Variability 6.3 Linear Interpolation 6.4 Geometric Weighting Function 6.5 Cumulative Semivariogram (CSV) and Weighting Function 6.5.1 Standard Spatial Dependence Function (SDF) 6.6 Regional Estimation 6.6.1 Cross-Validation 6.6.2 Spatial Interpolation 6.7 General Application References 7 Solar Radiation Devices and Collectors 7.1 General 7.2 Solar Energy Alternatives 7.3 Heat Transfer and Losses 7.3.1 Conduction 7.3.2 Convection 7.3.3 Radiation 7.4 Collectors 7.4.1 Flat Plate Collectors 7.4.2 Tracking Collectors 7.4.3 Focusing (Concentrating) Collectors 7.4.4 Tilted Collectors 7.4.5 Solar Pond Collectors 7.4.6 Photo-Optical Collectors 7.5 Photovoltaic (PV) Cells 7.6 Fuel Cells 7.7 Hydrogen Storage and Transport 7.8 Solar Energy Home 7.9 Solar Energy and Desalination Plants 7.10 Future Expectations References A A Simple Explanation of Beta Distribution B A Simple Power Model Index

"Solar Energy Fundamentals and Modeling Techniques presents methods for the quantitative determination of the amount of solar irradiation incident on a surface on the Earth. The book collects together material from the current literature in atmospheric environmental sciences, climate change research, meteorology, engineering and renewable energy, liberally illustrated by diagrams and worked examples." "Solar Energy Fundamentals and Modeling Techniques provides a sound background to the underlying physical principles of solar irradiation and energy, with explanations as to how these can be modeled and applied in solar energy projects and design. Bringing together information not found elsewhere in a single source, the hook includes an innovative exposition of expert system methodologies used in the domain of solar irradiation and energy." "Solar Energy Fundamentals and Modeling Techniques is a valuable resource for students, researchers and practitioners across a broad spectrum of disciplines, including energy analysts, thermal device designers, photovoltaic specialists, architects and engineers, agronomists, hydrologists, atmospheric scientists and meteorologists, climate change specialists, and environmentalists."--BOOK JACKET.