Atatürk's way / articles contributed by Turhan Feyzioğlu (editor) ; Mustafa Aysan ... [and others]

Includes bibliographical references.

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Turhan FEYZİOĞLU (Professor; Former President of MET University, former Vice-Premier of the Turkish Republic) XIII ATATÜRK’S RATİONAL. SCIENTIF1C AND REALISTIC APPROACH TO THE MODERNIZATION OF TURKEY Turhan FEYZİOĞLU (Professor, Former President of Middle East Technical University, former Vice-Premier) 1 Introduction 3 The Retreat of the Eastern VVorld from a Rational, Scientific Approach 6 The Regression of the Medrese 9 It was in the West that the Renaissance Took Place 11 The Printing Press, the Uygur Turks, the Effects of Fanaticism, and the Importance of the Secularization of the State 13 A Document and the Observations of a Traveller in the Seventeeth Century 18 An Observatory is Destroyed 20 The Effects of Negligence in Scientific Fields Begin to be Felt ... 21 The Difference Between Atatürk’s Rational, Scientific Approach and that of the Reformist Sultans 23 Some Other Thought-Provoking Examples 27 The Dichotomy in Institutions and in Thinking 29 ...And the Lucidity of Mustafa Kemal 31 Fatalism and the Need to Correctl.v Understand the Müslim Religion 35 Religious Principles and Rational Interpretation 381 Western Civilization is a Civilization Based on Reason and Science 411 Atatürk had Clearly Determined his Goal from the Very Beginning 441 The Essence of Kemalism is the Acceptance of Reason and Science as One’s Guides 48 The Vital Importance of Education 50 The Vital Function of National Education Continues 56 Some Lessons to be Learned from the Japanese Experience 59 The Tıırkish Revolution and the Establishment of a National Identity 61 Atatürk’s Realism 62 The Goal shall be Achieved 67 Bibliography 69 ATATÜRK S ECONOMİC VIEWS Mustafa AYSAN (Professor, Minister of Communications) 77 Introduction 79 Atatürk’s Economic Policy : Basic Concepts 81 Atatürk’s Economic Strategies 92 I The Fundamental Policies of the Kemalist Economic Development Model 96 Atatürk’s Public Finance Policy 97 Atatürk’s Monetary Policy 99 Atatürk’s Foreign Economic Relations Policy 103 Atatürk’s Investment Policy 104 ‘ Conslusion 106 Exhibits 109 Bibliography 115 KEMALİSM MEANS NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY AND REPUBLIC İsmet GİRİTLİ (Professor, istanbul University) 119 Atatürk’s Greatest and Most Important Decision was to Form a Turkish State Based on National Sovereignty 121 The Reasons why Atatürk could not to be a Dictator? 127 i Atatürk said : «Freedom and Independence are my Nature» 128 ATATÜRK’S CONCEPTION OF NATION AND NATIONALISM Hamza EROĞLU (Professor, Member of the Constituent Assembly) 143 — Nation A — Meaning and Evaluation of «Nation» 145 B — The Elements of the Nation 147 C — The Nation as a Historical, Social, Political and Legal Reality 148 D — The Difference Betvveen the Nation and Race, Tribe, Ümmet, and Smaller Societies 149 E — Objections to the Reality of the Nation 151 F — Atatürk’s Conception of the Nation 152 II — Nationalism A — A General Definition of the Meaning of Nationalism ... 153 B — The Main Characteristics of Contemporary Nationalism 155 C — The Role and Status of Nationalism in the Turkish Revolution 159 D — The Turkish Revolution’s Conception of Nationalism ... 161 a) Considerations concerning the Turkish Revolution’s Conception of Nationalism 161 b) The Relations Between Nationalism and Populism According to the Revolution 165 c) Comparison Between the Revolution’s Nationalism and Communism 169 E — Differences Betvveen Atatürk’s Nationalism and the Nationalism of the First and Second «Constitutional Monarchy» Periods 170 F — Atatürk’s Remarks on Nationalism and his Evaluation of Nationalism 172 Bibliography 181 Turhan FEYZİOĞLU (Professor, former President of the Middle East Technical University, former Vice-Premier of Turkey) 183 Introduction 185 The Implications of Secularism } 186 A Glance at History 189 In Pre-Islamic Turkish States 191 Relations Between State and Religion in islam 192 Religion and Law in Islamic Countries and the Ottoman Empire ... 194 Another Example 197 First Steps Towards Secularization in the «Tanzimat» (Reforms) and the «Meşrutiyet» (Constitutional Monarchy) Periods 201 Currents of Thought in the Constitutional Monarchy Period 205 Atatürk’s Experiences During the National Liberation Struggle ... 209 The Secularization of the State 212 The Secularization of the Law 216 The Secularization and Unification of Education 220 Other Modifications Toward Secularization; The Closing Down of the Dervish Lodges and Saints’ Tombs 226 Attire 226 Women’s Rights 227 The Arts 229 The Alphabet Reform, Reckoning Time, and Units of Measure ... 230 Theocratic State Structure and the Islamic Religion are not identical. «Rivers may not be Made to Flovv Upstream» 232 The Secularist Approach of the Turkish Republic is not Opposed to Religion 239 Reason, Science and Religion 241 Religious Bigotry and Progress 243 Conclusion 245 Bibliography 247 ATATÜRK’S FOREING POLİCY : GOALS AND PRINCIPLES Mehmet GÖNLÜBOL (Professor, AnVara University) 255 Introduction 257 1. The Establishment of a «National State» 259 2. «Complete Independence» 264 3. «Westernization» 272 4. Serving as an Example to «Oppressed Nations» ... 277 Principles : 1. A Realistic Approach 281 2. Allegiance to Legality 286 3. Peacc at Home; Peace in the World 298 Conclusion 299 THK İDEOLOGY of KEMALİSM İsmet GİRİTLİ (Professor, istanbul University) 305 Why Kemalism is an ideology? 307 What kind of ideology is Kemalism? 309 «Pragmatistte» Kemalism 317 THE LIFE and ACHIEVEMENTS OF MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATÜRK A CHRONOLOGY Turhan FEYZİOĞLU 327