TY  - BOOK
AU  - Farzaneh,M.
AU  - Chisholm,William Alexander
TI  - Insulators for icing and polluted environments
T2  - IEEE Press series on power engineering
SN  - 9780470282342
AV  - TK3401 .F37 2009
PY  - 2009///
CY  - Piscataway, NJ, Hoboken, N.J.
PB  - IEEE press, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
KW  - Electric lines
KW  - Ice prevention
KW  - Electric insulators and insulation
KW  - Contamination
KW  - Prevention
N1  - Includes bibliographical references and index; --PREFACE; -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS; -- 1. INTRODUCTION; -- 1.1. Scope and Objectives; -- 1.2. Power System Reliability; -- 1.3. The Insulation Coordination Process: What Is Involved?; -- 1.4. Organization of the Book; -- 1.5. Prcis; -- 2. INSULATORS FOR ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS; -- 2.1. Terminology for Insulators; -- 2.2. Classification of Insulators; -- 2.3. Insulator Construction; -- 2.4. Electrical Stresses on Insulators; -- 2.5. Environmental Stresses on Insulators; -- 2.6. Mechanical Stresses; -- 3. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE OF INSULATORS; -- 3.1. Pollution: What It Is; -- 3.2. Pollution Deposits on Power System Insulators; -- 3.3. Nonsoluble Electrically Inert Deposits; -- 3.4. Soluble Electrically Conductive Pollution; -- 3.5. Effects of Temperature on Electrical Conductivity; -- 3.6. Conversion to Equivalent Salt Deposit Density; -- 3.7. Self-Wetting of Contaminated Surfaces; -- 3.8. Surface Wetting by Fog Accretion; -- 3.9. Surface Wetting by Natural Precipitation; -- 3.10. Surface Wetting by Artificial Precipitation; -- 4. INSULATOR ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE IN POLLUTION CONDITIONS; -- 4.1. Terminology for Electrical Performance in Pollution Conditions; -- 4.2. Air Gap Breakdown; -- 4.3. Breakdown of Polluted Insulators; -- 4.4. Outdoor Exposure Test Methods; -- 4.5. Indoor Test Methods for Pollution Flashovers; -- 4.6. Salt-Fog Test; -- 4.7. Clean-Fog Test Method; -- 4.8. Other Test Procedures; -- 4.9. Salt-Fog Test Results; -- 4.10. Clean-Fog Test Results; -- 4.11. Effects of Insulator Parameters; -- 4.12. Effects of Nonsoluble Deposit Density; -- 4.13. Pressure Effects on Contamination Tests; -- 4.14. Temperature Effects on Pollution Flashover; -- 5. CONTAMINATION FLASHOVER MODELS; -- 5.1. General Classifi cation of Partial Discharges; -- 5.2. Dry-Band Arcing on Contaminated Surfaces; -- 5.3. Electrical Arcing on Wet, Contaminated Surfaces; -- 5.4. Residual Resistance of Polluted Layer; -- 5.5. dc Pollution Flashover Modeling; -- 5.6. ac Pollution Flashover Modeling; -- 5.7. Theoretical Modeling for Cold-Fog Flashover; -- 5.8. Future Directions for Pollution Flashover Modeling; -- 6. MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN POLLUTION CONDITIONS; -- 6.1. Monitoring for Maintenance; -- 6.2. Cleaning of Insulators; -- 6.3. Coating of Insulators; -- 6.4. Adding Accessories; -- 6.5. Adding More Insulators; -- 6.6. Changing to Improved Designs; -- 6.7. Changing to Semiconducting Glaze; -- 6.8. Changing to Polymer Insulators; -- 7. ICING FLASHOVERS; -- 7.1. Terminology for Ice; -- 7.2. Ice Morphology; -- 7.3. Electrical Characteristics of Ice; -- 7.4. Ice Flashover Experience; -- 7.5. Ice Flashover Processes; -- 7.6. Icing Test Methods; -- 7.7. Ice Flashover Test Results; -- 7.8. Empirical Models for Icing Flashovers; -- 7.9. Mathematical Modeling of Flashover Process on Ice-Covered Insulators; -- 7.10. Environmental Corrections for Ice Surfaces; -- 7.11. Future Directions for Icing Flashover Modeling; -- 8. SNOW FLASHOVERS; -- 8.1. Terminology for Snow; -- 8.2. Snow Morphology; -- 8.3. Snow Electrical Characteristics; -- 8.4. Snow Flashover Experience; -- 8.5. Snow Flashover Process and Test Methods; -- 8.6. Snow Flashover Test Results; -- 8.7 Empirical Model for Snow Flashover; -- 8.8. Mathematical Modeling of Flashover Process on Snow-Covered Insulators; -- 8.9. Environmental Corrections for Snow Flashover; -- 8.10. Case Studies of Snow Flashover; -- 9. MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN ICE AND SNOW CONDITIONS; -- 9.1. Options for Mitigating Very Light and Light Icing; -- 9.2. Options for Mitigating Moderate Icing; -- 9.3. Options for Mitigating Heavy Icing; -- 9.4. Options for Mitigating Snow and Rime; -- 9.5. Alternatives for Mitigating Any Icing; -- 10. INSULATION COORDINATION FOR ICING AND POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS; -- 10.1. The Insulation Coordination Process; -- 10.2. Deterministic and Probabilistic Methods; -- 10.3. IEEE 1313.2 Design Approach for Contamination; -- 10.4. IEC 60815 Design Approach for Contamination; -- 10.5. CIGRE Design Approach for Contamination; -- 10.6. Characteristics of Winter Pollution; -- 10.7. Winter Fog Events; -- 10.8. Freezing Rain and Freezing Drizzle Events; -- 10.9. Snow Climatology; -- 10.10. Deterministic Coordination for Leakage Distance; -- 10.11. Probabilistic Coordination for Leakage Distance; -- 10.12. Deterministic Coordination for Dry Arc Distance; -- 10.13. Probabilistic Coordination for Dry Arc Distance; -- 10.14. Case Studies; -- APPENDIX A: MEASUREMENT OF INSULATOR CONTAMINATION LEVEL; -- APPENDIX B: STANDARD CORRECTIONS FOR HUMIDITY, TEMPERATURE, AND PRESSURE; -- APPENDIX C: TERMS RELATED TO ELECTRICAL IMPULSES; -- INDEX
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