TY - BOOK AU - Taranath,Bungale S TI - Structural analysis and design of tall buildings: steel and composite construction SN - 9781439850893 AV - TH845 .T334 2012 PY - 2012///] CY - Boca Raton, FL. PB - CRC Press KW - Tall buildings KW - Design and construction KW - Structural analysis (Engineering) N1 - Includes bibliographical references and index; Contents; List of Figures ; List of Tables ; Foreword ; ICC Foreword ; Preface ; Acknowledgments ; Special Acknowledgment ; Author ; chapter 1 Lateral Load Resisting Systems for Steel Buildings ; Preview ; 1.1. Rigid Frames ; 1.1.1. Frames with Partially Rigid Connections ; 1.1.2. Review of Connection Behavior ; 1.1.2.1. Connection Classification ; 1.1.2.2. Connection Strength ; 1.1.2.3. Connection Ductility ; 1.1.2.4. Structural Analysis and Design ; 1.1.3. Beam Line Concept ; 1.2. Frames with Fully Restrained Connections ; 1.2.1. Special Moment Frame, Historic Perspective ; 1.2.1.1. Deflection Characteristics ; 1.2.2. Cantilever Bending Component ; 1.2.3. Shear Racking Component ; 1.2.4. Methods of Analysis ; 1.2.5. Drift Calculations ; 1.2.6. Truss Moment Frames ; 1.3. Concentric Braced Frames ; 1.3.1. Behavior ; 1.3.2. Types of Concentric Braces ; 1.4. Eccentric Braced Frames ; 1.4.1. Behavior ; 1.4.2. Deflection Characteristics ; 1.4.3. Seismic Design Considerations ; 1.4.3.1. Link Beam Design ; 1.4.3.2. Link-to-Column Connections ; 1.4.3.3. Diagonal Brace and Beam outside of Links ; 1.4.3.4. Link Stiffness ; 1.4.3.5. Columns ; 1.4.3.6. Schematic Details ; 1.5. Buckling-Restrained Brace Frame ; 1.6. Steel Plate Shear Wall ; 1.6.1. Low-Seismic Design ; 1.6.2. High-Seismic Design ; 1.6.2.1. Behavior ; 1.6.2.2. AISC 341-05 Requirements for Special Plate Shear Walls ; 1.6.2.3. Modeling for Analysis ; 1.6.2.4. Capacity Design Methods ; 1.7. Staggered Truss ; 1.7.1. Behavior ; 1.7.2. Design Considerations ; 1.7.2.1. Floor Systems ; 1.7.2.2. Columns ; 1.7.2.3. Trusses ; 1.7.3. Seismic Design of Staggered Truss System ; 1.7.3.1. Response of Staggered Truss System to Seismic Loads ; 1.8. Interacting System of Braced and Rigid Frames ; 1.8.1. Behavior ; 1.9. Core and Outrigger Systems ; 1.9.1. Behavior ; 1.9.1.1. Outrigger Located at Top ; 1.9.1.2. Outrigger Located at Three-Quarter Height from Bottom ; 1.9.1.3. Outrigger at Mid-Height ; 1.9.1.4. Outriggers at Quarter-Height from Bottom ; 1.9.2. Optimum Location of a Single Outrigger ; 1.9.2.1. Analysis Outline ; 1.9.2.2. Detail Analysis ; 1.9.2.3. Computer Analysis ; 1.9.2.4. Conclusions ; 1.9.3. Optimum Locations of Two Outriggers ; 1.9.3.1. Recommendations for Optimum Locations ; 1.9.4. Vulnerability of Core and Outrigger System to Progressive Collapse ; 1.9.5. Offset Outriggers ; 1.9.6. Example Projects ; 1.10. Frame Tube Systems ; 1.10.1. Behavior ; 1.10.2. Shear Lag ; 1.11. Irregular Tube ; 1.12. Trussed Tube ; 1.13. Bundled lithe ; 1.13.1. Behavior ; 1.14. Ultimate High-Efficiency Systems for Ultra Tall Buildings ; chapter 2 Lateral Load-Resisting Systems for Composite Buildings ; Preview ; 2.1. Composite Members ; 2.1.1. Composite Slabs ; 2.1.2. Composite Girders ; 2.1.3. Composite Columns ; 2.1.4. Composite Diagonals ; 2.1.5. Composite Shear Walls ; 2.2. Composite Subsystems ; 2.2.1. Composite Moment Frames ; 2.2.1.1. Ordinary Moment Frames ; 2.2.1.2. Special Moment Frames ; 2.2.2. Composite Braced Frames ; 2.2.3. Composite Eccentrically Braced Frames ; 2.2.4. Composite Construction ; 2.2.5. Temporary Bracing ; 2.3. Composite Building Systems ; 2.3.1. Reinforced Concrete Core with Steel Surround ; 2.3.2. Shear Wall-Frame Interacting Systems ; 2.3.3. Composite Tube Systems ; 2.3.4. Vertically Mixed Systems ; 2.3.5. Mega Frames with Super Columns ; 2.3.6. High-Efficiency Structure: Structural Concept ; 2.4. Seismic Design of Composite Buildings ; chapter 3 Gravity Systems for Steel Buildings ; Preview ; 3.1. General Considerations ; 3.1.1. Steel and Cast Iron: Historical Perspective ; 3.1.1.1. Chronology of Steel Buildings ; 3.1.1.2. 1920 through 1950 ; 3.1.1.3. 1950 through 1970 ; 3.1.1.4. 1970 to Present ; 3.1.2. Gravity Loads ; 3.1.3. Design Load Combinations ; 3.1.4. Required Strength ; 3.1.5. Limit States ; 3.1.6. Design for Strength Using Load and Resistance Factor Design ; 3.1.7. Serviceability Concerns ; 3.1.8. Deflections ; 3.2. Design of Members Subject to Compression ; 3.2.1. Buckling of Columns, Fundamentals ; 3.2.1.1. Euler's Formula ; 3.2.1.2. Energy Method of Calculating Critical Loads ; 3.2.2. Behavior of Compression Members ; 3.2.2.1. Element Instability ; 3.2.3. Limits on Slenderness Ratio, KL/r ; 3.2.4. Column Curves: Compressive Strength of Members without Slender Elements ; 3.2.5. Columns with Slender Unstiffened Elements: Yield Stress Reduction Factor, Q ; 3.2.6. Design Examples: Compression Members ; 3.2.6.1. Wide Flange Column, Design Example ; 3.2.6.2. HSS Column, Design Example ; 3.3. Design of Members Subject to Bending ; 3.3.1. Compact, Noncompact, and Slender Sections ; 3.3.2. Flexural Design of Doubly Symmetric Compact I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about Their Major Axis ; 3.3.3. Design Examples, Members Subject to Bending and Shear ; 3.3.3.1. General Comments ; 3.3.3.2. Simple-Span Beam, Braced Top Flange ; 3.3.3.3. Simple-Span Beam, Unbraced Top Flange ; 3.4. Tension Members ; 3.4.1. Design Examples ; 3.4.1.1. Plate in Tension, Bolted Connection ; 3.4.1.2. Plate in Tension, Welded Connection ; 3.4.1.3. Double-Angle Hanger ; 3.4.1.4. Bottom Chord of a Long-Span Truss ; 3.4.1.5. Pin-Connected Tension Member ; 3.4.1.6. Eyebar Tension Member ; 3.5. Design for Shear, Additional Comments ; 3.5.1. Transverse Stiffeners ; 3.5.2. Tension Field Action ; 3.6. Design of Members for Combined Forces and Torsion (in Other Words, Members Subjected to Torture) ; 3.7. Design for Stability ; 3.7.1. Behavior of Beam Columns ; 3.7.2. Buckling of Columns ; 3.7.3. Second-Order Effects ; 3.7.4. Deformation of the Structure ; 3.7.5. Residual Stresses ; 3.7.6. Notional Load ; 3.7.7. Geometric Imperfections ; 3.7.8. Leaning Columns ; 3.8. AISC 360-10 Stability Provisions ; 3.8.1. Second-Order Analysis ; 3.8.2. Reduced Stiffness in the Analysis ; 3.8.3. Application of Notional Loads ; 3.8.4. Member Strength Checks ; 3.8.5. Step-by-Step Procedure for Direct Analysis Method ; 3.9. Understanding How Commercial Software Works ; chapter 4 Gravity Systems for Composite Buildings ; Preview ; 4.1. Composite Metal Deck ; 4.1.1. SDI Specifications ; 4.2. Composite Beams ; 4.2.1. AISC Design Criteria: Composite Beams with Metal Deck and Concrete Topping ; 4.2.1.1. AISC Requirements, General Comments ; 4.2.1.2. Effective Width ; 4.2.1.3. Positive Flexural Strength ; 4.2.1.4. Negative Flexural Strength ; 4.2.1.5. Shear Connectors ; 4.2.1.6. Deflection Considerations ; 4.2.1.7. Design Outline for Composite Beam ; 4.3. Composite Joists and Trusses ; 4.3.1. Composite Joists ; 4.3.2. Composite Trusses ; 4.4. Other Types of Composite Floor Construction ; 4.5. Continuous Composite Beams ; 4.6. Nonprismatic Composite Beams and Girders ; 4.7. Moment-Connected Composite Haunch Girders ; 4.8. Composite Stub Girders ; 4.8.1. Behavior and Analysis ; 4.8.2. Stub Girder Design Example ; 4.8.3. Moment-Connected Stub Girder ; 4.8.4. Strengthening of Stub Girder ; 4.9. Composite Columns ; 4.9.1. Behavior ; 4.9.2. AISC Design Criteria, Encased Composite Columns ; 4.9.2.1. Limitations ; 4.9.2.2. Compressive Strength ; 4.9.2.3. Tensile Strength ; 4.9.2.4. Shear Strength ; 4.9.2.5. Load Transfer ; 4.9.2.6. Detailing Requirements ; 4.9.2.7. Strength of Stud Shear Connectors ; 4.9.3. AISC Design Criteria for Filled Composite Columns ; 4.9.3.1. Limitations ; 4.9.3.2. Compressive Strength ; 4.9.3.3. Tensile Strength ; 4.9.3.4. Shear Strength ; 4.9.3.5. Load Transfer ; 4.9.4. Summary of Composite Design Column ; 4.9.4.1. Nominal Strength of Composite Sections ; 4.9.4.2. Encased Composite Columns ; 4.9.4.3. Filled Composite Columns ; 4.9.5. Combined Axial Force and Flexure ; chapter 5 Wind Loads ; Preview ; 5.1. Design Considerations ; 5.2. Variation of Wind Velocity with Height (Velocity Profile) ; 5.3. Probabilistic Approach ; 5.4. Vortex Shedding ; 5.5. ASCE 7-05 Wind Load Provisions ; 5.5.1. Analytical Procedure: Method 2, Overview ; 5.5.2. Analytical Method: Step-by-Step; Procedure ; 5.5.3. Wind Speed-Up over Hills and Escarpments: Kzt Factor ; 5.5.4. Gust Effect Factor ; 5.5.4.1. Gust Effect Factor G for Rigid Structure: Simplified Method ; 5.5.4.2. Gust Effect Factor G for Rigid Structure: Improved Method ; 5.5.4.3. Gust Effect Factor Gf for Flexible or Dynamically Sensitive Buildings ; 5.5.5. Along-Wind Displacement and Acceleration ; 5.5.6. Summary of ASCE 7-05 Wind Provisions ; 5.6. Wind-Tunnel Tests ; 5.6.1. Types of Wind-Tunnel Tests ; 5.6.2. Option for Wind-Tunnel Testing ; 5.6.3. Lower Limits on Wind-Tunnel Test Results ; 5.6.3.1. Lower Limit on Pressures for Main Wind-Force Resisting System ; 5.6.3.2. Lower Limit on Pressures for Components and Cladding ; 5.7. Building Drift ; 5.8. Human Response to Wind-Induced Building Motions ; 5.9. Structural Properties Required for Wind Tunnel Data Analysis ; 5.9.1. Natural Frequencies ; 5.9.2. Mode Shapes ; 5.9.3. Mass Distribution ; 5.9.4. Damping Ratio ; 5.9.5. Miscellaneous Information ; 5.10. Period Determination for Wind Design ; 5.11. ASCE 7-10 Wind Load Provisions ; 5.11.1. New Wind Speed Maps ; 5.11.2. Return of Exposure D ; 5.11.3. Wind-Borne Debris ; chapter 6 Seismic Design ; Preview ; 6.1. Structural Dynamics ; 6.1.1. Dynamic Loads ; 6.1.1.1. Concept of Dynamic Load Factor ; 6.1.1.2. Difference between Static and Dynamic Analysis ; 6.1.1.3. Dynamic Effects due to Wind Gusts ; 6.1.2. Characteristics of a Dynamic Problem ; 6.1.3. Multiple Strategy of Seismic Design ; 6.1.3.1. Example of Portal Frame Subject to Ground Motions ; 6.1.4. Concept of Dynamic Equilibrium ; 6.1.5. Free Vibrations ; 6.1.6. Earthquake Excitation ; 6.1.6.1. Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems ; 6.1.6.2. Numerical Integration, Design Example ; 6.1.6.3. Numerical Integration: A Summary ; 6.1.6.4. Summary of Structural Dynamics ; 6.1.7. Response Spectrum Method ; 6.1.7.1. Earthquake Response Spectrum ; 6.1.7.2. Deformation Response Spectrum ; 6.1.7.3. Pseudo-Velocity Response Spectrum ; 6.1.7.4. Pseudo-Acceleration Response Spectrum ; 6.1.7.5. Tripartite Response Spectrum: Combined Displacement[–]Velocity[–]Acceleration Spectrum ; 6.1.7.6. Characteristics of Response Spectrum ; 6.1.7.7. Difference between Design and Actual Response Spectra ; 6.1.7.8. Summary of Response Spectrum Analysis ; 6.1.8. Hysteresis Loop ; 6.2. Seismic Design Considerations ; 6.2.1. Seismic Response of Buildings ; 6.2.1.1. Building Motions and Deflections ; 6.2.1.2. Building Drift and Separation ; 6.2.1.3. Adjacent Buildings ; 6.2.2. Continuous Load Path ; 6.2.3. Building Configuration ; 6.2.4. Influence of Soil ; 6.2.5. Ductility ; 6.2.6. Redundancy ; 6.2.7. Damping ; 6.2.8. Diaphragms ; 6.2.9. Response of Elements Attached to Buildings ; 6.3. ASCE 7-05 Seismic Design Criteria and Requirements: Overview ; 6.3.1. Seismic Ground Motion Values, Ss and S1 ; 6.3.2. Site Coefficients Fa and Fv ; 6.3.3. Site Class SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, and SF ; 6.3.4. Response Spectrum for the Determination of Design Base Shear ; 6.3.5. Site-Specific Ground Motion Analysis ; 6.3.6. Importance Factor IE ; 6.3.7. Occupancy Categories ; 6.3.7.1. Protected Access for Occupancy Category IV ; 6.3.8. Seismic Design Category ; 6.3.9. Design Requirements for SDC A Buildings ; 6.3.9.1. Lateral Forces ; 6.3.10. Geologic Hazards and Geotechnical Investigation ; 6.3.10.1. Seismic Design Basis ; 6.3.10.2. Structural System Selection ; 6.3.11. Building Irregularities ; 6.3.11.1. Plan (Horizontal) Irregularity ; 6.3.11.2. Vertical Irregularity ; 6.3.12. Redundancy Reliability Factor, ρ ; 6.3.13. Seismic Load Combinations ; 6.3.13.1. Vertical Seismic Load, 0.02SDS ; 6.3.13.2. Overstrength Factor Ωo ; 6.3.14. Elements Supporting Discontinuous Walls or Frames ; 6.3.15. Direction of Loading ; 6.3.16. Period Determination ; 6.3.17. Inherent and Accidental Torsion ; 6.3.18. Overturning ; 6.3.19. Pδ Effects ; 6.3.20. Drift Determination ; 6.3.21. Deformation Compatibility ; 6.3.22. Seismic Response Modification Coefficient, R ; 6.3.23. Seismic Force Distribution for the Design of Lateral-Load-Resisting System ; 6.3.24. Seismic Loads due to Vertical Ground Motions ; 6.3.25. Seismic Force for the Design of Diaphragms ; 6.3.25.1. Distribution of Seismic Forces for Diaphragm Design ; 6.3.25.2. General Procedure for Diagram Design ; 6.3.25.3. Diaphragm Design Summary: Buildings Assigned to SDC C and Higher ; 6.3.26. Catalog of Seismic Design Requirements ; 6.3.26.1. Buildings in SDC A ; 6.3.26.2. SDC B Buildings ; 6.3.26.3. SDC C Buildings ; 6.3.26.4. SDC D Buildings ; 6.3.26.5. SDC E Buildings ; 6.3.26.6. SDC F Buildings ; 6.3.27. Analysis Procedures ; chapter 7 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, ANSI/AISC 341-10 ; Preview ; 7.1. AISC 34140 Seismic Provisions, Overview ; 7.1.1. General Requirements ; 7.1.2. Member and Connection Design ; 7.1.3. Moment Frames ; 7.1.4. Stability of Beams and Columns ; 7.1.5. Intermediate Moment Frames ; 7.1.6. Special Truss Moment Frames ; 7.1.6.1. Special Concentric Braced Frames ; 7.1.7. Eccentrically Braced Frames ; 7.1.8. Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames ; 7.1.9. Special Plate Shear Walls ; 7.1.10. Composite Structural Steel and Reinforced Concrete Systems ; 7.2. AISC 341-10, Detailed Discussion ; 7.2.1. Moment Frame Systems ; 7.2.1.1. SMF Design ; 7.2.1.2. AISC Prequalified Connections ; 7.2.1.3. Ductile Behavior ; 7.2.1.4. Seismically Compact Sections ; 7.2.1.5. Demand Critical Welds ; 7.2.1.6. Protected Zones ; 7.2.1.7. Panel Zone of Beam-to-Column Connections ; 7.2.2. Moment Frame Systems ; 7.2.2.1. Ordinary Moment Frames ; 7.2.2.2. Intermediate Moment Frames ; 7.2.2.3. Special Moment Frames ; 7.2.2.4. Special Truss Moment Frames ; 7.2.3. Braced-Frame and Shear-Wall Systems ; 7.2.3.1. Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames ; 7.2.3.2. Special Concentrically Braced Frames ; 7.2.3.3. Eccentrically Braced Frames ; 7.2.3.4. Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames ; 7.2.4. Special Plate Shear Walls ; 7.2.5. Composite Systems ; 7.2.5.1. Composite Ordinary Moment Frames ; 7.2.5.2. Composite Intermediate Moment Frames ; 7.2.5.3. Composite Special Moment Frames ; 7.2.5.4. Composite Partially Restrained Moment Frames ; 7.2.5.5. Composite Ordinary Braced Frames ; 7.2.5.6. Composite Special Concentrically Braced Frames ; 7.2.5.7. Composite Eccentrically Braced Frames ; 7.2.5.8. Composite Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls with Steel Elements ; 7.2.5.9. Composite Special Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls with Steel Elements ; 7.2.5.10. Composite Steel Plate Shear Walls ; 7.3. Prequalified Seismic Moment Connection ; 7.4. List of Significant Technical Provisions of AISC 341-05/10 ; 7.5. Additional Comments on Seismic Design of Steel Buildings ; 7.5.1. Concentric Braced Frames ; chapter 8 Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Steel Buildings ; Preview ; 8.1. Social Issues in Seismic Rehabilitation ; 8.2. General Steps in Seismic Rehabilitation ; 8.2.1. Initial Considerations ; 8.2.2. Rehabilitation Objective ; 8.2.2.1. Performance Levels ; 8.2.2.2. Seismic Hazard ; 8.2.2.3. Selecting a Rehabilitation Objective ; 8.2.2.4. Rehabilitation Method ; 8.2.2.5. Rehabilitation Strategy ; 8.2.3. Analysis Procedures ; 8.2.4. Verification of Rehabilitation Design ; 8.2.5. Nonstructural Risk Mitigation ; 8.2.5.1. Disabled Access improvements ; 8.2.5.2. Hazardous Material Removal ; 8.2.5.3. Design, Testing and Inspection, and Management Fees ; 8.2.5.4. Historic Preservation Costs ; 8.3. Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings ASCE/SEI Standard 41-06 ; 8.3.1. Overview of Performance Levels ; 8.3.2. Permitted Design Methods ; 8.3.3. Systematic Rehabilitation ; 8.3.3.1. Determination of Seismic Ground Motions ; 8.3.3.2. Determination of As-Built Conditions ; 8.3.3.3. Primary and Secondary Components ; 8.3.3.4. Setting Up Analytical Model and Determination of Design Forces ; 8.3.3.5. Combined Gravity and Seismic Demand ; 8.3.3.6. Component Capacities QCE, QCL and Design Actions ; 8.3.3.7. Capacity versus Demand; Comparisons ; 8.3.3.8. Development of Seismic Strengthening Strategies ; 8.3.4. ASCE/SEI 41-06: Design Example ; 8.3.5. Summary ; chapter 9 Special Topics ; Preview ; 9.1. Architectural Review of Tall Buildings ; 9.2. Evolution of High-Rise Architecture ; 9.3. Tall Buildings ; 9.3.1. World Trade Center Towers, New York ; 9.3.2. Empire State Building, New York ; 9.3.3. Bank One Center, Indianapolis, Indiana ; 9.3.4. MTA Headquarters, Los Angeles, California ; 9.3.5. AT&T Building, New York City, New York ; 9.3.6. Miglin-Beitler Tower, Chicago, Illinois ; 9.3.7. One Detroit Center, Detroit, Michigan ; 9.3.8. Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai, China ; 9.3.9. Petronas Towers, Malaysia ; 9.3.10. One-Ninety-One Peachtree, Atlanta, Georgia ; 9.3.11. Nations Bank Plaza, Atlanta, Georgia ; 9.3.12. U.S. Bank Tower First Interstate World Center, Library Square, Los Angeles, California ; 9.3.13. 2Ist Century Tower, China ; 9.3.14. Torre Mayor Office Building, Mexico City ; 9.3.15. Fox Plaza, Los Angeles, California ; 9.3.16. Figueroa at Wilshire, Los Angeles, California ; 9.3.17. California Plaza, Los Angeles, California ; 9.3.18. Citicorp Tower, Los Angeles, California ; 9.3.19. Taipei Financial Center, Taiwan ; 9.3.20. Caja Madrid Tower, Spain ; 9.3.21. Federation Tower, Moscow, Russia Tower A ; 9.3.22. The New York Times Building, New York ; 9.3.23. Pacific First Center, Seattle, Washington ; 9.3.24. Gate Way Center ; 9.3.25. Two Union Square, Seattle, Washington ; 9.3.26. InterFirst Plaza, Dallas, Texas ; 9.3.27. Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong ; 9.3.28. Bank of Southwest Tower, Houston, Texas ; 9.3.29. First City Tower, Houston, Texas ; 9.3.30. America Tower, Houston, Texas ; 9.3.31. The Bow Tower, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; 9.3.32. Shard Tower, London, United Kingdom ; 9.3.33. Hearst Tower, New York ; 9.3.34. Standard Oil of Indiana Building, Chicago, Illinois ; 9.3.35. The Renaissance Project, San Diego, California ; 9.3.36. Tokyo City Hall, Tower 1, Japan ; 9.3.37. Bell Atlantic Tower, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; 9.3.38. Norwest Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota ; 9.3.39. First Bank Place, Minneapolis, Minnesota ; 9.3.40. Allied Bank Tower, Dallas, Texas ; 9.3.41. Future of Tall Buildings ; 9.4. Building Motion Perception ; 9.5. Structural Damping ; 9.6. Performance-Based Design ; 9.6.1. Alternative Design Criteria: 2008 LATBSDC ; 9.6.2. Recommended Administrative Bulletin on the Seismic Design and Review of Tall Buildings Using Nonprescriptive Procedures AB-083 ; 9.6.3. Pushover Analysis ; 9.6.4. Concluding, Remarks ; 9.7. Preliminary Analysis Techniques ; 9.7.1. Portal Method ; 9.7.2. Cantilever Method ; 9.7.3. Design Examples: Portal and Cantilever Methods ; 9.7.4. Framed Tubes ; 9.7.5. Vierendeel Truss ; 9.7.6. Preliminary Wind Loads ; 9.7.7. Preliminary Seismic Loads ; 9.7.7.1. Building Height, Hn = 160 ft ; 9.7.7.2. Buildings Taller than 160 ft ; 9.7.8. Differential Shortening of Columns ; 9.7.8.1. Simplified Method of Calculating δz, Axial Shortening of Columns ; 9.7.8.2. Derivation of Simplified Expression for δz ; 9.7.8.3. Column Length Corrections, δc ; 9.7.8.4. Column Shortening Verification during Construction ; 9.7.9. Unit Weight of Structural Steel for Preliminary Estimate ; 9.7.9.1. Concept of Premium for Height ; chapter 10 Connection Details ; Preview ; References ; Index ER -