TY  - BOOK
AU  - Denham,Kristin E.
AU  - Lobeck,Anne C
TI  - Linguistics for everyone: an introduction 
SN  - 9781413015898
AV  - P121 .D39 2010
PY  - 2010///
CY  - Boston, MA
PB  - Wadsworth/ Cengage Learning
KW  - Linguistics
N1  - Includes bibliographical references (pages 499 - 512) and index; Table Of Contents; About the Cover; Preface; Acknowledgments; What Is Language and How Do we Study It?; What Is Language?; Our Language Expertise; Acquiring versus Learning a Language; Human Language and Animal Communication; Can Other Animals Learn Language?; Did You Know...? Rico, the Talking Border Collie; Two Case Studies: Washoe and Nim; What is Grammar?; The Components of Grammar; What Is Grammatical?; Prescriptive and Descriptive Grammar; When Prescription and Description Overlap; Modification: Anothe Overlap; Grammar across Space and Time; Universal Grammar; Linguistics in the News The Language Blog and Eggcorns; Parameters; Sign Language Grammar; Sign Language versus Body Language; Language Alive! Sign Language Diversity; The Scientific Study of Language; Noam Chomsky and Generative Grammar; Did you Know...? Noam Chomsky; Influences on Modern Linguistics; Rationalism and Empiricism; Structural Linguistics; Linguistics Today; Accent on The Linguistic Society of America; Summary; Sources and Resources; Review, Practice, and Explore; The Human Capacity for Language; Our Capacity to Acquire Language; What Children's ``Mistakes'' Tell Us; Mouses and Foots: Overgeneralizing Rules; Language Alive! One Wug and Two...Wugs?; Evidence for Universal Grammar; Children don't Learn by Analogy; Stages of First Language Acquisition; The Prelinguistic Stage: The Early Months; The Babbling State: 4-8 Months; Did You Know...? How Do You Study an Infant?; The One-Word Stage: 9-18 Months; The Two-Word Stage: 18-24 Months; The Early Multiword Stage: 24-30 Months; Language Alive! Hardwiring and Order of Acquisition; The Later Multiword Stage: 30 Months and Older; Did You Know...? Baby Talk and Parentese; Did You Know...? What about Baby Einstein?; A Critical Period for Language Acquisition?; Acquisition and Isolation: Victor and Genie; Sign Language Acquisition; Second Language Acquisition; Is It Learning or Acquisition?; Interlanguage Grammar; Social Aspects of Second Language Acquisition; Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar; Two Native Languages: Bilingualism; Misperceptions about Bilingualism; Our Capacity to Create Language; Pidgins and Creoles; Nicaraguan Sign Language; Linguistics in the News A Gene for Language?; Language and the Brain; Language Intelligence?; Specific Language Impairment; Linguistic Savants; Williams Syndrome; A Language Center in the Brain?; Did You Know...? Poor Phineas Gage; Broca's Aphasia; Wernicke's Aphasia; More Evidence for Lateralization; Dichotic Listening; Split-Brain Patients; Brain Imaging; Accent on Clinical Linguistics; Summary; Sources and Resources; Review, Practice, and Explore; Phonetics: Describing Sounds; Sounds and Symbols; Phonemes; Consonants; Voiced and Voiceless Consonants; Did You Know...? Visible Speech; Place of Articulation; Bilabial; Language Alive! A Disappearing Sound; Labiodental; Interdental; Alveolar; Palatal; Velar; Glottal; Manner of Articulation; Stops; Linguistics in the News Peter Ladefoged: Pioneer in Phonetics; Fricatives; Language Alive! Why Do we Spell Words with -ough?; Affricates; Nasals; Did You Know...? Mom Is Bob; Glides; Liquids; Language Alive! Forgotten Clusters; Why All These Distinctions?; Slips of the Tongue; Vowels; Language Alive! Do Dawn and Don Rhyme?; Diphthongs; Syllabic Consonants; Other Vowel Distinctions; Language Alive! Double is Not Long; Vowel Shifts; The Great Vowel Shift; The Northern Cities Chain Shift; The Southern Vowel Shift; Phonemes and Allophones; Accent on Product Naming; Summary; Sources and Resources; Review, Practice, and Explore; Phonology: The Sound Patterns of Language; Phonemes and Allophones; Did You Know...? Babies are better at Language; Language Alive! Long-Lost English Allophones; Assimilation Rules; Vowel Nasalization; Alveolar Nasal Assimilation; Alveolar Stop Assimilation; Palatalization; Did You Know...? Invented Spelling; Voicing Assimilation; Dissimilation Rules; Dissimilation of Liquids and Nasal Sounds; Dissimilation of Fricative Sounds; Insertion Rules; Insertion of Vowels; Insertion of Consonants; Insertion of Voiceless Stop; Insertion of /y; Deletion Rules; Deletion of /r/ after Vowels; Language Alive! Where the Heck is <h>?; Deletion of Fricative Next to Fricative; Did You Know...? Where Do You Get Tenashoes?; Deletion of Like Sounds or Syllables; Deletion of Consonant Clusters; Deletion of Syllable-Final Consonant Clusters; Fronting Rules; Fronting of Velar Nasal to Alveolar Nasal; Fronting in Child Language; Fronting of /x; Exchange Rules; Exchanging /s/ and a Consonant; Language Alive! What's Wrong with Aks?; Exchanging /r/ and a Vowel; Exchanging Syllable Onsets; Multiple Rule Processes; Language Alive! Going Nucular; Suprasegmentals; Syllables; The Structure of the Syllable; Phonotactics; Children's Syllables; Syllable Structure Variety; Slips of the Tongue and Syllables; Stress; Intonation; Linguistics in the News Tone Languages and Perfect Pitch; Did You Know...? Abbish versus Ubby Dubby; Accent on Linguistics and Reading; Summary; Sources and Resources; Review, Practice, and Explore; Morphology: Words and Their Parts; Morphemes and Meaning; Morphemes and Syllables; Recognizing Morphemes; Word Classes; Content Words; Function Words; Did You Know...? Pooh on Pronouns; Word Classes and Our Mental Lexicon; Free and Bound Morphemes; Affixes; Language Alive! Embiggen His Soul!; Roots; Derivational Affixation; Language Alive! What about Cranapple?; Language Alive! Word-orama!; Affixation and Our Mental Lexicon; Drawing Word Trees; Word Trees and Ambiguity; Inflectional Affixation; Inflectional Affixation of English Nouns; Number; Linguistics in the News Arkansas's Apostrophe; Case; Gender; Language Alive! The Battle over Whom; Inflectional Affixation of English Verbs; Infinitives, Present Tense, and Past Tense; Present and Past Participles; Suppletive Verbs and Adjectives; Language Alive! Ain't Ain't Had It Easy!; Accent on Field Linguistics; Summary; Sources and Resources; Review, Practice, and Explore; Morphological Typology and Word Formation; Morphological Typology; Sunthetic Languages; Did You Know...? Solid Roundish Objects and Mushy Matter; Analytic Languages; Mixed Typological Systems; The Morphology of Other Languages; Word Formation Processes; Slang versus New Words; Linguistics in the News F***ing Brilliant! FCC Rulings on Profanity; Recent New Words; Did You Know...? The Truth about Truthiness; Coining; Compounding; Eponyms; Blends; Conversions; Language Alive! Blimey!; Acronyms; Language Alive! Ms; Clipping; Backformation; Reduplication; Accent on Lexicographers; Summary; Sources and Resources; Review, Practice, and Explore; Syntax: Heads and Phrases; Nouns and Noun Pharases; A Phrase Structure Rule for Noun Phrases; Verbs and Verb Phrases; Language Alive! How Many Modals?; A Phrase Structure Rule for Verb Phrases; Evidence for the Aux Position; Language Alive! Don't Use Double Negatives.; NOT!; Subject-Auxiliary Inversion; English Do Insertion; Emphatic and Main Verb Do; Adjectives and Adjective Phrases; Language Alive! English Didn't Always Have Do; Adjective Phrase Positions; A Variable Phrase; Adverbs and Adverb Phrases; Adverb Phrase Positions; Linguistics in the News What's the Right Answer?; Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases; Prepositional Phrase Positions; Did You Know...? Literary Prepositions; Summary of Phrase Structure Rules; Clauses; Subjects and Predicates; Independent and Subordinate Clauses; What Is a Sentence?; Accent on Teaching with Trees; Summary; Sources and Resources; Review, Practice, and Explore; Syntax: Phrase Structure and Syntactic Rules; Hierarchical Structure and Ambiguity; Ambiguity; Recursion; Linguistics in the News Starling Syntax?; Silent Syntax; Evidence for Phrases and Clauses; Substitution; Language Alive! Silent Pronoun?; Pronouns and Ambiguity; Pronoun Reference; Did You Know...? Who Is They, Anyway?; Conjunctions and Coordination; Language Alive! Pronouns, Prestige, and Illogical Rules; Coordination and Ambiguity; Language Alive! Sex and Syntax; Movement and Deletion; Deep and Surface Structure; Deletion Rules; Verb Phrase Deletion; Did You Know...? ``Does She...or Doesn't She?''; Gapping; Constraints on Deletion; Reordering Phrases: Movement; Did You Know...? Passive Should Be Avoided?; Constraints on Movement; Wh-Movement; Accent on Psycholinguists; Summary; Sources and Resources; Review, Practice, and Explore; Semantics: Making Meaning with Words; Making Meaning; Semantic Deviance; Lexical Semantics; Meaning Classifications: Semantic Features; Noun Classes; Language Alive! Is the Team Playing? Are the Team Playing?; Entailment and Markedness; Meaning Subclassifications: Semantic Fields; Meaning Relationships: The Nyms; Opposite Meanings: Antonymy; Did You Know...? Can Something Be Very Dead?; Similar Meanings: Synonymy; Euphemisms; Meaning Categories: Hyponymy; Related Meanings: Polysemy; Different Meanings: Homonymy; Many Meanings: Lexical Ambiguity; Vagueness; Linguistics in the News Talking Right...and Left; Meaning Change: Semantic Shift; Making New Meanings: Figurative Language; Language Alive! Shifts in Meaning: Progress or Decay?; Connecting Meanings: Metaphor; Types of Metaphors; Did You Know...? Hearing Colors; Comparing Meanings: Simile; Idioms; Accent on Linguistics and Computers; Summary; Sources and Resources; Review, Practice, and Explore; Semantics and Pragmatics: Making Meaning with Sentences; Sentence Semantics: The Linguistic Meaning of Sentences; Propositions and Truth Conditions; When Sentences Don't Express Propositions; Analytic and Synthetic Sentences; When Meanings Overlap: Entailment and Paraphrase; Sentences That Can't Be True: Contradictions; Presupposition; When Semantics and Syntax Overlap: The Structure of Meaning; Thematic Roles and Argument Structure; Pragmatics: How Context Shapes Meaning; Saying What You Mean and Meaning What You Say: Speech Acts; Cooperative Talk: Conversational Rules; Linguistics in the News The Language of the Piraha; Manipulating Maxims; Did You Know...? The Cooperative Principle and Language Acquisition; The Power of Politeness; Language Alive! Culture Clash and Pragmatic Failure; Honorifics and Forms of Address; Register; When Semantics and Pragmatics Overlap; Definiteness; Language Alive! Register as a Literary Device; Deixis; Did You Know...? I am You; Language and Thought; Linguistic Relativity and the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis; Examining the Evidence; Mentalese; Did You Know...? Lost in Translation; Accent on Forensic Linguistics; Summary; Sources and Resources; Review, Practice, and Explore; The Early Story of English; Finding Families: The Comparative Method; Did You Know...? Pretty Grimm Tales; Language Alive! False Cognates; Indo-European Language Families; Celtic; Italic; Hellenic; Baltic; Slavic; Indo-Iranian; Armenian; Albanian; Germanic; Beyond Indo-European: Other Language Families; The Germanic Branch of Indo-European; English Emerges in the British Isles; Old English Vocabulary; Language Alive! Pagan Fossils; Did You Know...? Runic Writing and the Futhorc; Old English Morphology; Strong and Weak Nouns; Strong and Weak Adjectives; Strong and Weak Verbs and a Two-Tense System; Old English Syntax; Old English Word Order; Interrogative and Negative Sentences; Old English Phonetics and Phonology; English Meets French: Middle English; Did You Know...? The Black Death, Rats, and Fleas; Middle English Vocabulary; Middle English Morphology; Loss of Inflection; Middle English Syntax; Fixed SVO Order; Middle English Auxiliary and Modal Verbs; Interrogative and Negative Sentences; Middle English Phonology; From Synthetic to Analytic; English Established; Linguistics in the News Languages and Land Bridges; The Birth of ``Correct'' English and Prescriptive Grammar; Did You Know...? The Word According to Johnson; Early Modern English Grammar; The Early Modern English Vocabulary Explosion; Accent on Philologists; Summary; Sources and Resources; Review, Practice, and Explore; English Goes Global; What Is a Dialect?; The Origins of American English; British English goes to the New World; British English Influences on American English; American Regional Dialects; Dialects and Settlement Patterns; Drawing Dialect Boundaries; Appalachian English; New England English; American ``English'' Vocabulary; Ethnic Dialects; African American English; Did You Know...? The Ann Arbor Trial; Native American English; Lumbee English; Chicano English; Social Dialects; Social Networks; Communities of Practice; Social Class and Language Attitudes; Linguistics in the News Linguistic Profiling; English Keeps Traveling; Australian English; Caribbean English; English in Asia; Did You Know...? Aladdin Speaks Standard English?; English in Africa; English as a Global Language; Language Variation and Language Discrimination; Language Alive! German Goes from Good to Bad; Standard English and ``General American''; Dialect Pride; Language Aliv! Urban Dictionary; The Future of English Dialects; Accent on Dialect Coaches; Summary; Sources and Resources; Review, Practice, and Explore; Representing Language: The Written Word; A Brief History of Writing; Logograms and Phonograms; Did You Know...? Hieroglyphics; Did You Know...? Cuneiform; Alphabets; The Development of English Spelling; Old English Writing and Spelling; Language Alive! Ye Olde Confusion; Middle English Spelling; Toward Modern English Spelling; Attempts at Spelling Reform; Linguistics in the News The CSIs of Language; The Development of English Punctuation; Early Punctuation; Modern Punctuation; Punctuation ``Errors''; Writing Rules, Standardization, and Authority; Language Alive! The Power of Word; The Power of the Dictionary; Writing Registers and Forms; Electronic English; Language Alive! Smileys; Written Standards in Flux; Language Alive! Are You Ever Alright?; The Effects of Print; Accent on Copy Editors; Summary; Sources and Resources; Review, Practice, and Explore; The Life Cycle of Language; Language Origins; A Mother Tongue?; Language Alive! The Origins of American Sign Language; A Linguistic Big Bang?; Why Don't Apes Do It?; Language Genesis; Creoles Revisited; Did You Know...? Chinook Jargon; Jamaican Creole; Hawaiian Creole English; Tok Pisin; Gullah and African American English; Language Shift; Linguistics in the News Sundance Features The Linguists; Latin; Native American Languages; Norman French in England; Language Alive! Esperanto: A Failed Lingua Franca; Language Planning; English-Only Laws; Did You Know...? Ketchup-Only Law; Language Revitalization; Hebrew; Welsh; Hawaiian; Native American Languages; Cherokee; Lushootseed; Did You Know...? Language Preservation in Action; Navajo; Accent on What Linguists Can Do; Summary; Sources and Resources; Review, Practice, and Explore; Bibliography; Glossary; Index of Languages; Index
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