TY  - BOOK
AU  - Åström,B.T.
TI  - Manufacturing of polymer composites
SN  - 9780748770762
AV  - TP1177 .A78 1997
PY  - 1997///
CY  - London, New York
PB  - Chapman and Hall
KW  - Reinforced plastics
KW  - Manufacturing processes
N1  - Includes bibliographical references and index; Table of Contents; Preface; Acknowledgements; Nomenclature; Abbreviations and Acronyms; 1: INTRODUCTION; 1.1 The Evolution of Materials; 1.2 The Composite Concept; 1.3 Design and Manufacturing; 1.4 Market; 1.5 Application Examples; 1.5.1 Transportation Applications; 1.5.2 Marine Applications; 1.5.3 Aerospace and Military Applications; 1.5.4 Construction Applications; 1.5.5 Electrical and Sanitary Applications; 1.5.6 Sports Applications; 1.5.7 Other Applications; 1.6 Book Contents; 1.7 Outlook; 1.8 Summary; References; 2: CONSTITUENT MATERIALS; 2.1 Matrices; 2.1.1 Polymer Morphology; 2.1.2 Structural Aspects Influencing Properties; 2.1.2.1 Intramer Structure; 2.1.2.2 Intramolecular Structure; 2.1.2.3 Intermolecular Structure; 2.1.3 Polymer Properties; 2.1.3.1 Thermal Properties of Solid Polymers; 2.1.3.2 Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers; 2.1.3.3 Other Properties of Solid Polymers; 2.1.3.4 Properties of Liquid Polymers; 2.1.3.5 Healing of Polymers; 2.1.3.6 Liquid Crystalline Polymers; 2.1.3.7 Elastomers; 2.1.4 Polymers as Composite Matrices; 2.1.5 Thermoplastic Polymer Matrices; 2.1.5.1 Polyethylenes; 2.1.5.2 Polypropylenes; 2.1.5.3 Polyamides; 2.1.5.4 Thermoplastic Polyesters; 2.1.5.5 Poly(phenylene Sulfides); 2.1.5.6 Polyketones; 2.1.5.7 Polysulfones; 2.1.5.8 Thermoplastic Polyimides; 2.1.6 Thermoset Polymer Matrices; 2.1.6.1 Unsaturated Polyesters; 2.1.6.2 Epoxies; 2.1.6.3 Vinylesters; 2.1.6.4 Phenolics; 2.1.6.5 Other Thermosets; 2.1.7 Matrix Forms; 2.1.8 Additives; 2.2 Reinforcements; 2.2.1 Glass Fibers; 2.2.2 Carbon Fibers; 2.2.3 Aramid Fibers; 2.2.4 Polyethylene Fibers; 2.2.5 Other Fibers; 2.2.6 Reinforcement-Matrix Interaction; 2.2.7 Fibrous Reinforcement Forms; 2.2.7.1 Weaving; 2.2.7.2 Noncrimp Fabrics; 2.2.7.3 Knitting; 2.2.7.4 Braiding; 2.2.7.5 Mats and Non-Wovens; 2.2.7.6 Combination Fabrics and Preforms; 2.3 Preimpregnated Reinforcement; 2.3.1 Solvent Impregnation; 2.3.2 Melt Impregnation; 2.3.3 Powder Impregnation; 2.3.4 Commingling; 2.3.5 Comparison of Preimpregnated Reinforcement Types; 2.3.6 Molding Compounds; 2.4 Core Materials; 2.4.1 Wood Cores; 2.4.2 Honeycomb and Corrugated Cores; 2.4.3 Expanded Foam Cores; 2.5 Adhesives; 2.6 Composites Based on Inorganic Matrices; 2.6.1 Carbon-Carbon Composites; 2.6.2 Metal-Matrix Composites; 2.6.3 Ceramic-Matrix Composites; 2.7 Summary; Suggested Further Reading; References; 3: PROPERTIES; 3.1 Matrices; 3.1.1 Thermal Properties; 3.1.2 Mechanical Properties; 3.2 Reinforcements; 3.2.1 Thermal Properties; 3.2.2 Mechanical Properties; 3.3 Composites; 3.3.1 Prediction of Thermal Properties; 3.3.2 Prediction of Mechanical Properties; 3.3.3 Comparisons of Predicted Mechanical Properties; 3.3.4 Experimentally Determined Thermal Properties; 3.3.5 Experimentally Determined Mechanical Properties; 3.4 Core Materials; 3.5 Sandwich Components; 3.6 Summary; Suggested Further Reading; References; 4: MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES; 4.1 Generic Manufacturing-related Issues; 4.1.1 Mold Fabrication; 4.1.1.1 Direct Manual Mold Fabrication; 4.1.1.2 Mold Fabrication Using a Master Model; 4.1.1.3 Mold Fabrication through Direct Machining; 4.1.1.4 Flexible Molds; 4.1.2 Reinforcement Conformability; 4.1.3 Prepreg Conformability; 4.1.4 Heat Transfer; 4.2 Thermoset–Matrix Techniques; 4.2.1 Wet Layup; 4.2.1.1 Hand Layup; 4.2.1.2 Spray-up; 4.2.1.3 Hand Layup of Sandwich Components; 4.2.2 Prepreg Layup; 4.2.3 Liquid Molding; 4.2.3.1 Injection Molding; 4.2.3.2 Resin Transfer Molding; 4.2.3.3 Vacuum Injection Molding; 4.2.3.4 Reaction Injection Molding; 4.2.3.5 Reinforced Reaction Injection Molding; 4.2.3.6 Structural Reaction Injection Molding; 4.2.4 Compression Molding; 4.2.5 Filament Winding; 4.2.6 Pultrusion; 4.2.7 Other Techniques; 4.3 Thermoplastic–Matrix Techniques; 4.3.1 Prepreg Layup; 4.3.2 Liquid Molding; 4.3.3 Compression Molding; 4.3.3.1 Compression Molding of GMT; 4.3.3.2 Compression Molding of Prepregs and Flat Laminates; 4.3.4 Filament Winding; 4.3.5 Pultrusion; 4.3.6 Diaphragm Forming; 4.3.7 Other Techniques; 4.4 Manufacturing-induced Component Defects; 4.4.1 Structural Defects; 4.4.1.1 Deviations in Reinforcement Orientation and Content; 4.4.1.2 Voids; 4.4.1.3 Incomplete Impregnation and Mold Filling; 4.4.1.4 Variations in Constituent Properties; 4.4.2 Geometrical Defects; 4.4.3 Cosmetic Defects; 4.5 Summary; Suggested Further Reading; References; 5: SECONDARY PROCESSING; 5.1 Machining; 5.1.1 Conventional Cutting Techniques; 5.1.1.1 Drilling; 5.1.1.2 Sawing; 5.1.1.3 Edge Trimming; 5.1.1.4 Other Cutting Operations; 5.1.2 Waterjet Machining; 5.1.3 Laser Machining; 5.1.4 Other Machining Techniques; 5.2 Joining; 5.2.1 Mechanical Joining; 5.2.2 Adhesive Joining; 5.2.3 Cocuring and Lamination; 5.2.4 Fusion Bonding; 5.2.5 Solvent Bonding; 5.2.6 Joining of Sandwich Components; 5.3 Surface Finishing; 5.4 Repair; 5.5 Summary; Suggested Further Reading; References; 6: QUALITY CONTROL AND CHARACTERIZATION; 6.1 Constituent Quality Control and Characterization; 6.2 Composite Characterization; 6.2.1 Physical Properties; 6.2.1.1 Constituent Fractions through Matrix Burn-off; 6.2.1.2 Constituent Fractions through Matrix Digestion; 6.2.1.3 Constituent Fractions through Microscopy; 6.2.1.4 Void Fraction and Density; 6.2.2 Mechanical Properties; 6.2.2.1 Tensile Properties; 6.2.2.2 Compressive Properties; 6.2.2.3 Shear Properties; 6.2.2.4 Flexural Properties; 6.2.3 Thermal Properties; 6.3 Composite Quality Control; 6.3.1 Destructive Testing; 6.3.2 Nondestructive Testing; 6.3.2.1 Visual Inspection; 6.3.2.2 Ultrasonic Inspection; 6.3.2.3 Vibrational Inspection; 6.3.2.4 Radiographic Inspection; 6.3.2.5 Thermographic Inspection; 6.3.2.6 Acoustic Emission Inspection; 6.3.2.7 Eddy-current Inspection; 6.3.2.8 Optical Inspection; 6.4 In-service Inspection; 6.5 Summary; Suggested Further Reading; References; 7: RECYCLING; 7.1 Incentives; 7.2 Infrastructure; 7.3 Recycling Techniques; 7.3.1 Primary and Secondary Recycling; 7.3.1.1 Thermoset Composites; 7.3.1.2 Thermoplastic Composites; 7.3.2 Tertiary Recycling; 7.3.3 Quaternary Recycling; 7.4 Market Commitment; 7.5 Green Thinking in Design; 7.5.1 Design for Minimization of Waste; 7.5.2 Design for Recycling; 7.5.3 Component Labeling; 7.6 Summary; Suggested Further Reading; References; 8: HEALTH AND SAFETY; 8.1 Terminology; 8.2 Routes of Exposure and Harmful Effects; 8.3 Protective Measures; 8.3.1 Administrative Controls; 8.3.2 Engineering Controls; 8.3.3 Personal Protective Equipment; 8.3.4 First Aid; 8.4 Constituent Materials; 8.4.1 Matrices, Adhesives, and Solvents; 8.4.1.1 Thermoplastics; 8.4.1.2 Unsaturated Polyesters and Vinylesters; 8.4.1.3 Epoxies; 8.4.1.4 Other Thermosets; 8.4.1.5 Solvents; 8.4.2 Reinforcements and Fillers; 8.4.3 Preimpregnated Reinforcement; 8.4.4 Core Materials; 8.5 Manufacturing Techniques; 8.5.1 Mold and Tool Cleaning; 8.5.2 Resin Formulation; 8.5.3 Wet Layup; 8.5.4 Prepreg Layup; 8.5.5 Liquid Molding; 8.5.6 Compression Molding; 8.5.7 Filament Winding; 8.5.8 Pultrusion; 8.5.9 Thermoplastic–Matrix Techniques; 8.6 Machining; 8.7 Summary; Disclaimer; Suggested Further Reading; References; Index
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