TY  - BOOK
AU  - Walski,Thomas M
AU  - Chase,Donald V.
AU  - Savic,Dragan
TI  - Water distribution modeling
SN  - 0965758044
AV  - TD481 .W357 2001
PY  - 2001///]
CY  - Waterbury, CT, U.S.A.
PB  - Haestad Press
KW  - Water
KW  - Distribution
KW  - Mathematical models
KW  - Water Supply
KW  - Models, Statistical
N1  - Includes bibliographical references (pages 413-428) and index; Introduction to Water Distribution Modeling; -- 1.1 Anatomy of a Water Distribution System; -- Sources of Potable Water; -- Customers of Potable Water; -- Transport Facilities; -- 1.2 What is a Water Distribution System Simulation?; -- 1.3 Applications of Water Distribution Models; -- Long-Range Master Planning; -- Rehabilitation; -- Fire Protection Studies; -- Water Quality Investigations; -- Energy Management; -- Daily Operations; -- 1.4 The Modeling Process; -- 1.5 A Brief History of Water Distribution Technology; -- 1.6 What Next?; -- 1.6 References; -- Modeling Theory; 2.1 Fluid Properties; -- Density and Specific Weight; -- Viscosity; -- Fluid Compressibility; -- Vapor Pressure; -- 2.2 Fluid Statics and Dynamics; -- Static Pressure; -- Velocity and Flow Regime; -- 2.3 Energy Concepts; -- Energy Losses; -- 2.4 Friction Losses; -- Darcy-Weisbach; -- Hazen-Williams; -- Manning Equation; -- Comparison of Friction Loss Methods; -- 2.5 Minor Losses; -- Valve Coefficient; -- Equivalent Pipe Length; -- 2.6 Resistance Coefficients; -- Darcy-Weisbach; -- Hazen-Williams; -- Manning; -- Minor Losses; -- 2.7 Energy Gains: Pumps; -- Pump Head-Discharge Relationship; -- System Head Curves; -- Pump Operating Point; -- Other Uses of Pump Curves; -- 2.8 Network Hydraulics; -- Conservation of Mass; -- Conservation of Energy; -- Solving Network Problems; -- 2.9 Water Quality Modeling; -- Transport in Pipes; -- Mixing at Nodes; -- Mixing in Tanks; -- Chemical Reaction Terms; -- Other Types of Water Quality Simulations; -- Discussion Topics and Problems; -- Assembling a Model; 3.1 Maps and Records; -- System Maps; -- Topographic Maps; -- As-Built Drawings; -- Electronic Maps and Records; -- 3.2 Model Representation; -- Network Elements; -- Network Topology; -- 3.3 Reservoirs; -- 3.4 Tanks; -- 3.5 Junctions; -- Junction Elevation; -- 3.6 Pipes; -- Length; -- Diameter; -- Minor Losses; -- 3.7 Pumps; -- Pump Characteristic Curves; -- Model Representation; -- 3.8 Valves; -- Isolation Valves; -- Directional Valves; -- Altitude Valves; -- Air Release Valves and Vacuum Breaking Valves; -- Control Valves; -- Valve Books; -- 3.9 Controls (Switches); -- Pipe Controls; -- Pump Controls; -- Regulating Valve Controls; -- Indicators of Control Settings; -- 3.10 Types of Simulations; -- Steady-State Simulation; -- Extended Period Simulation; -- Other Types of Simulations; -- 3.11 Skeletonization; -- Skeletonization Example; -- Skeletonization Guidelines; -- Elements of High Importance; -- Elements of Unknown Importance; -- Skeletonization Conclusions; -- 3.12 Model Maintenance; -- Discussion Topics and Problems; -- Water Consumption; 4.1 Baseline Demands; -- Data Sources; -- Spatial Allocation of Demands; -- Categorizing Demands; -- Mass Balance Technique; -- Unaccounted-for Water; -- 4.2 Demand Multipliers; -- Peaking Factors; -- 4.3 Time-Varying Demands; -- Diurnal Curves; -- Developing System-Wide Diurnal Curves; -- Developing Customer Diurnal Curves; -- Defining Usage Patterns Within a Model; -- 4.4 Projecting Future Demands; -- Historical Trends; -- Spatial Allocation of Future Demands; -- Disaggregated Projections; -- 4.5 Fire Protection Demands; -- Discussion Topics and Problems; -- Testing Water; -- Distribution Systems; -- 5.1 Testing Fundamentals; -- Pressure Measurement; -- Flow Measurement; -- Potential Pitfalls in System Measurements; -- 5.2 Fire Hydrant Flow Tests; -- Pitot Gages and Diffusers; -- Potential Problems With Fire Flow Tests; -- Using Fire Flow Tests for Calibration; -- 5.3 Head Loss Tests; -- Two-gage Test; -- Parallel-pipe Test; -- Potential Problems With Head Loss Tests; -- Using Head Loss Test Results for Calibration; -- 5.4 Pump Performance Tests; -- Head Characteristic Curve; -- Pump Efficiency Testing; -- Potential Problems with Pump Performance Tests; -- Using Pump Performance Test Data for Calibration; -- 5.5 Water Quality Sampling; -- Constituent Analysis Data Requirements; -- Laboratory Testing; -- Discussion Topics and Problems; -- Calibrating Hydraulic Network Models; 6.1 Model-Predicted vs. Field-Measured Performance; -- Comparisons Based on Head; -- Quality of Calibration Data; -- Location of Data Collection; -- 6.2 Sources of Error in Modeling; -- Types of Errors; -- Nominal vs. Actual Pipe Diameters; -- Internal Pipe Roughness Values; -- Distribution of System Demands; -- System Maps; -- Temporal Boundary Condition Changes; -- Model Skeletonization; -- Geometric Anomalies; -- Pump Characteristic Curves; -- 6.3 Calibration Approaches; -- Manual Calibration Approaches; -- Automated Calibration Approaches; -- Model Validation; -- 6.4 EPS Model Calibration; -- Parameters for Adjustment; -- Calibration Problems; -- Calibration Using Tracers; -- Energy Studies; -- 6.5 Calibration of Water Quality Models; -- Source Concentrations; -- Initial Conditions; -- Wall Reaction Coefficients; -- 6.6 Acceptable Levels of Calibration; -- Discussion Topics and Problems; -- Using Models for Water Distribution System Design; 7.1 Applying Models to Design Applications; -- Extent of Calibration and Skeletonization; -- Design Flow; -- Reliability Considerations; -- Key Roles in Design Using a Model; -- Types of Modeling Applications; -- Use of Optimization in System Design; -- 7.2 Identifying and Solving Common; -- Distribution System Problems; -- Undersized Piping; -- Inadequate Pumping; -- Consistent Low Pressure; -- High Pressures During Low Demand Conditions; -- Oversized Piping; -- 7.3 Pumped Systems; -- Pumping into a Closed System with No Pressure Control Valve; -- Pumping into a Closed System with Pressure Control Variable-speed Pumps; -- Pumping into a System with a Storage Tank; -- Pumping into Closed System with Pumped Storage; -- Pumping into Hydropneumatic Tanks; -- Well Pumping; -- Pumps in Parallel; -- Head Loss on Suction Side of Pump; -- 7.4 Extending a System to New Customers; -- Extent of Analysis; -- Elevation of Customers; -- Assessing an Existing System; -- 7.5 Establishing Pressure Zones and Setting; -- Tank Overflows; -- Establishing a New Pressure Zone; -- Laying Out New Pressure Zones; -- Tank Overflow Elevation; -- 7.6 Developing System Head Curves for Pump Selection/Evaluation; -- 7.7 Serving Lower Pressure Zones; -- PRV Feeding into a Dead-end Pressure Zone; -- Lower Zone with a Tank; -- Lower Zone Fed with Control Valves; -- Conditions Upstream of the PRV or Control Valve; 7.8 Rehabilitation of Existing Systems; -- Data Collection; -- Modeling Existing Conditions; -- Overview of Alternatives; -- Evaluation; -- 7.9 Tradeoffs Between Energy and Capital Costs; -- Discussion Topics and Problems; -- Modeling Customer; -- Systems; -- 8.1 Modeling Water Meters; -- 8.2 Backflow Preventers; -- 8.3 Representing the Utility's Portion of the Distribution System; -- 8.4 Customer Demands; -- Commercial Demands for Proposed Systems; -- 8.5 Sprinkler Design; -- Starting Point for Model; -- Sprinkler Hydraulics; -- Approximating Sprinkler Hydraulics; -- Piping Design; -- Fire Sprinklers; -- Irrigation Sprinklers; -- Discussion Topics and Problems; -- Operations; 9.1 The Role of Models in Operations; -- 9.2 Low Pressure Problems; -- Identifying the Problem; -- Modeling Low Pressures; -- Finding Closed Valves; -- Solving Low Pressure Problems; -- 9.3 Low Fire Flow Problems; -- Identifying the Problem; -- Solutions to Low Fire Flow; -- 9.4 Adjusting Pressure Zone Boundaries; -- 9.5 Taking a Tank Off-Line; -- Fire Flows; -- Low Demand Problems; -- 9.6 Shutting Down a Section of the System; -- Representing a Shutdown; -- Simulating the Shutdown; -- 9.7 Power Outages; -- Modeling Power Outages; -- Duration of an Outage; -- 9.8 Power Consumption; -- Determining Pump Operating Points; -- Calculating Energy Costs; -- Multiple Distinct Operating Points; -- Continuously Varying Pump Flow; -- Developing a Curve Relating Flow to Efficiency; -- Variable-Speed Pumps; -- Using Pump Energy Data; -- Understanding Rate Structures; -- 9.9 Water Distribution System Flushing; -- Modeling Flushing; -- Representing a Flowed Hydrant; -- Hydrant Location Relative to Nodes; -- Steady-State vs. EPS Runs; -- Indicators of Successful Flushing; -- 9.10 Sizing Distribution System Meters; -- Subsystem Metering; -- Using Models for Meter Sizing; -- Implications for Meter Selection; -- 9.11 Models for Investigation of System Contamination; -- 9.12 Leakage Control; -- Discussion Topics and Problems; -- Appendix A Units and Symbols; -- Appendix B Conversion Factors; -- Appendix C Tables
N2  - CD-ROM contains: WaterCAD software -- Exercise-examination booklet
ER  -