Distributed generation : induction and permanent magnet generators / Loi Lei Lai, Tze Fun Chan

Includes bibliographical references and index

Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgements. About the Authors. 1. Distributed Generation. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Reasons for DG. 1.3 Technical Impacts of DG. 1.3.1 DG Technologies. 1.3.2 Thermal Issues. 1.3.3 Voltage Profile Issues. 1.3.4 Fault-Level Contributions. 1.3.5 Harmonics and Interactions with Loads. 1.3.6 Interactions Between Generating Units. 1.3.7 Protection Issues. 1.4 Economic Impact of DG. 1.5 Barriers to DG Development. 1.6 Renewable Sources of Energy. 1.7 Renewable Energy Economics. 1.8 Interconnection. 1.8.1 Interconnection Standardization. 1.8.2 Rate Design. 1.9 Recommendations and Guidelines for DG Planning. 1.10 Summary. References. 2. Generators. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Synchronous Generator. 2.2.1 Permanent Magnet Materials. 2.2.2 Permanent Magnet Generator. 2.3 Induction Generator. 2.3.1 Three-Phase IGs and SEIGs. 2.3.2 Single-Phase IGs and SEIGs. 2.4 Doubly Fed Induction Generator. 2.4.1 Operation. 2.4.2 Recent Work. 2.5 Summary. References. 3. Three-Phase IG Operating on a Single-Phase Power System. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Phase Balancing Using Passive Circuit Elements. 3.2.1 Analysis of IG with Phase Converters. 3.2.2 Phase-Balancing Schemes. 3.2.3 Case Study. 3.2.4 System Power Factor. 3.2.5 Power and Efficiency. 3.2.6 Operation with Fixed Phase Converters. 3.2.7 Summary. 3.3 Phase Balancing using the Smith Connection. 3.3.1 Three-Phase IG with the Smith Connection. 3.3.2 Performance Analysis. 3.3.3 Balanced Operation. 3.3.4 Case Study. 3.3.5 Effect of Phase-Balancing Capacitances. 3.3.6 Dual-Mode Operation. 3.3.7 Summary. 3.4 Microcontroller-Based Multi-Mode Control of SMIG. 3.4.1 Phase Voltage Consideration. 3.4.2 Control System. 3.4.3 Practical Implementation. 3.4.4 Experimental Results. 3.4.5 Summary. 3.5 Phase-Balancing using a Line Current Injection Method. 3.5.1 Circuit Connection and Operating Principle. 3.5.2 Performance Analysis. 3.5.3 Balanced Operation. 3.5.4 Case Study. 3.5.5 Summary. References. 4. Finite Element Analysis of Grid-Connected IG with the Steinmetz Connection. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Steinmetz Connection and Symmetrical Components Analysis. 4.3 Machine Model. 4.4 Finite Element Analysis. 4.4.1 Basic Field Equations. 4.4.2 Stator Circuit Equations. 4.4.3 Stator EMFs. 4.4.4 Rotor Circuit Model. 4.4.5 Comments on the Proposed Method. 4.5 Computational Aspects. 4.6 Case Study. 4.7 Summary. References. 5. SEIGs for Autonomous Power Systems. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Three-Phase SEIG with the Steinmetz Connection. 5.2.1 Circuit Connection and Analysis. 5.2.2 Solution Technique. 5.2.3 Capacitance Requirement. 5.2.4 Computed and Experimental Results. 5.2.5 Capacitance Requirement on Load. 5.2.6 Summary. 5.3 SEIG with Asymmetrically Connected Impedances and Excitation Capacitances. 5.3.1 Circuit Model. 5.3.2 Performance Analysis. 5.3.3 Computed and Experimental Results. 5.3.4 Modified Steinmetz Connection. 5.3.5 Simplified Steinmetz Connection. 5.3.6 Summary. 5.4 Self-regulated SEIG for Single-Phase Loads. 5.4.1 Circuit Connection and Analysis. 5.4.2 Effect of Series Compensation Capacitance. 5.4.3 Experimental Results and Discussion. 5.4.4 Effect of Load Power Factor. 5.4.5 Summary. 5.5 SEIG with the Smith Connection. 5.5.1 Circuit Connection and Operating Principle. 5.5.2 Performance Analysis. 5.5.3 Balanced Operation. 5.5.4 Results and Discussion. 5.5.5 Summary. References. 6. Voltage and Frequency Control of SEIG with Slip-Ring Rotor. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Performance Analysis of SESRIG. 6.3 Frequency and Voltage Control. 6.4 Control with Variable Stator Load. 6.5 Practical Implementation. 6.5.1 Chopper-Controlled Rotor External Resistance. 6.5.2 Closed-Loop Control. 6.5.3 Tuning of PI Controller. 6.5.4 Dynamic Response. 6.6 Summary. References. 7. PMSGs For Autonomous Power Systems. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Principle and Construction of PMSG with Inset Rotor. 7.3 Analysis for Unity-Power-Factor Loads. 7.3.1 Analysis Using the Two-Axis Model. 7.3.2 Design Considerations. 7.3.3 Computed Results. 7.3.4 Experimental Results. 7.3.5 Summary. 7.4 A Comprehensive Analysis. 7.4.1 Basic Equations and Analysis. 7.4.2 Conditions for Zero Voltage Regulation. 7.4.3 Extremum Points in the Load Characteristic. 7.4.4 Power-Load Angle Relationship. 7.4.5 The Saturated Two-Axis Model. 7.4.6 Summary. 7.5 Computation of Synchronous Reactances. 7.5.1 Analysis Based on FEM. 7.5.2 Computation of Xd and Xq. 7.5.3 Computed Results. 7.5.4 Summary. 7.6 Analysis using Time-Stepping 2-D FEM. 7.6.1 Machine Model and Assumptions. 7.6.2 Coupled Circuit and Field Analysis. 7.6.3 Magnetic Saturation Consideration. 7.6.4 Computed Results. 7.6.5 Experimental Verification. 7.6.6 Summary. References. 8. Conclusions. 8.1 Accomplishments of the Book. 8.2 Future Work. Reference. Appendix A. Analysis for IG and SEIG. A.1 Symmetrical Components Equations for IG. A.2 Positive-Sequence and Negative-Sequence Circuits of IG. A.3 Vp and Vn for IG with Dual-Phase Converters. A.4 Derivation of Angular Relationship. A.5 Input Impedance of SEIG with the Steinmetz Connection. References. Appendix B. The Method of Hooke and Jeeves. Reference. Appendix C. A Note on the Finite Element Method [1] . C.1 Energy Functional and Discretization. C.2 Shape Functions. C.3 Functional Minimization and Global Assembly. Reference. Appendix D. Technical Data of Experimental Machines. D.1 Machine IG1. D.2 Machine IG2. D.3 Prototype PMSG with Inset Rotor. Index