Plant migraton the dynamics of geographic pattering in seed plant species Jonathan D. Sauer.

Table of Contents --Preface pages xv --Introduction pages 1 --The Concept of Migration in Seed Plants pages 1 --Model of the Mechanisms of Geographic Patterning in Seed Plants pages 2 --Problems of Scale pages 3 --Limitations of the Data Base pages 4 --Exclusion of Artificially Controlled Migrations pages 6 --Definition of Weeds pages 6 --Definition of Natives pages 6 --Part I. Modern and Historical Migrations pages 9 --1. Shoreline and Other Naturally Open Habitats pages 11 --Mangrove Swamps pages 11 --River Deltas, Southern Gulf of Mexico pages 12 --Coral Cays, Belize pages 13 --Great Barrier Reef, Queensland pages 14 --Naturalized Mangroves, Hawaii pages 14 --Naturalization of Avicennia, California pages 16 --Comment pages 17 --Tropical Sea Beaches pages 18 --Coral Cays, Belize pages 18 --Coral Sand Beaches, Mauritius pages 19 --Pyroclastic Beaches, Krakatau pages 21 --Introduced Indo-Pacific Species, Mauritius pages 22 --Transfers Between Old and New Worlds pages 24 --Comment pages 25 --Temperate Sea Beaches and Dunes pages 26 --Mid-Atlantic Barrier Islands, United States pages 26 --Mustang Island, Texas pages 28 --Intercontinental Migration of Ammophila pages 29 --Naturalization of Chrysanthemoides, Australia pages 30 --Naturalization of Mesembryanthemum, California pages 30 --Naturalization of Cakile, Australia and Western North America pages 31 --Comment pages 35 --Salt Marshes pages 36 --Limited Successions in Coastal Marshes, Britain pages 36 --Limited Successions in Coastal Marshes, California pages 37 --Primary Succession on a Mediterranean Lagoon, France pages 38 --Natural Colonization of Artificial Inland Salt Marshes, Europe and North America pages 39 --Naturalized Exotics, California pages 40 --Comment pages 40 --Freshwater Aquatic Habitats pages 41 --Vernal Pools, California pages 41 --Intercontinental Migrations of Elodea and Hydrilla pages 43 --Intercontinental Migrations of Eichhornia and Alternanthera pages 44 --Comment pages 46 --Riparian Habitats pages 48 --Mackenzie Delta, Canada pages 48 --Meramec River, Missouri pages 49 --San Pedro River, Arizona pages 50 --Tamarix and Other Riparian Invaders, Southwestern North America pages 50 --Riparian Invaders, Australia pages 52 --Comment pages 53 --Debris Avalanches and Earthflows pages 53 --White Mountains, New Hampshire pages 53 --Gothic Mountain, Colorado pages 54 --Valdivian Andes, Chile pages 54 --Comment pages 55 --Recently Deglaciated Land pages 56 --Mount Robson, British Columbia pages 56 --Glacier Bay, Alaska pages 57 --Rhone and Aletsch Glaciers, Switzerland pages 58 --Laguna San Rafael, Chile pages 58 --Comment pages 59 --Emerging Nonvolcanic Islands pages 59 --Baltic, Finland pages 59 --Gulf of Bothnia, Finland pages 62 --Lake Hjalmaren, Sweden pages 63 --Comment pages 63 --Fresh Lava and Pyroclastic Deposits pages 64 --Paricutin, Mexico pages 64 --Irazu, Costa Rica pages 65 --Cameroons Mountain, Cameroon pages 66 --Mauna Loa, Hawaii pages 67 --Mount Komagatake, Hokkaido, Japan pages 68 --Volcanoes on Honshu, Japan pages 69 --Krakatau, Indonesia pages 69 --Surtsey, Iceland pages 71 --Comment pages 72 --2. Vegetation Subject to Natural Perturbations pages 73 --Recurrent Fire pages 73 --Arctic and Alpine Timberlines, North America pages 73 --Mosaics in Native Vegetation, California pages 74 --Forest-Savanna Borders, Central America pages 75 --Intercontinental Invasions, America and Australia pages 76 --Comment pages 77 --Treefalls and Windthrows pages 77 --Central American Rainforests pages 77 --Maple-Beech-Hemlock Forests, Eastern North America pages 79 --Comment pages 81 --3. Invasion and Elimination in Established Vegetation pages 82 --Competitive Invasion pages 82 --Naturalized Herbs, California Grasslands and Deserts pages 82 --Naturalized Annuals, Nevada and Montana Woodlands and Deserts pages 85 --Reestablishment of Rhododendron ponticum, Northern European Forests pages 85 --Forest Invasions by Pittosporum undulatum, Australia and Abroad pages 86 --Exotic Invaders, Tristan da Cunha Grasslands and Heaths pages 87 --Exotic Invaders, Mauritius and Seychelles Forests pages 87 --Comment pages 89 --Selective Elimination pages 89 --Castanea and Ulmus, North American Forests pages 89 --Panax, Eastern Asia and Eastern North America pages 92 --Comment pages 93 --4. Artificially Modified Habitats pages 94 --Ruderal Vegetation pages 94 --Abandoned Villages, Aleutians and Greenland pages 94 --Maya Ruins, Yucatan pages 95 --Roads and Railroads, North America pages 95 --Intercontinental Migration of Pineapple Weed pages 97 --Salted Roads, Mine Dumps, and Bombed Ruins, Britain pages 98 --Weeds Imported with Wool and Grain, France and Finland pages 99 --Comment pages 100 --Weeds of Cultivated Ground pages 101 --Transcontinental and Intercontinental Migrations of Amaranthus pages 101 --Comigration of Cereal Crops and Weeds to California pages 103 --Sequential Migration of Glycine and Setaria from China to North America pages 104 --Comment pages 104 --Regrowth on Abandoned Fields pages 105 --Piedmont, North Carolina pages 105 --Cat Island, Bahamas pages 106 --Upper Amazon Basin, Peru pages 107 --Tall Forest Regions, Philippines pages 108 --Comment pages 109 --Altered Rangelands pages 110 --Cattle and Sheep, Great Basin of Western North America pages 110 --Feral Livestock, California Channel Islands pages 113 --Rabbits, Lisianski Island, Hawaii pages 117 --Pigs, Clipperton Island pages 118 --Cattle Rangeland, New Caledonia pages 119 --Desertification, Sahel pages 120 --Overstocked Game Reserves, East and South Africa pages 120 --Rise and Fall of Opuntia, Australia pages 121 --Comment pages 124 --Altered Forest, Woodland, and Brushland Fire Regimes pages 126 --Conifer and Hardwood Forests, Great Lakes Region pages 126 --Conifer Forests and Woodlands, Western United States pages 128 --Retreat of Proteaceae, South Africa pages 132 --Eucalyptus Forest Dieback, Western Australia pages 133 --Comment pages 133 --Altered River Flood Regimes pages 134 --High Plains, North Dakota and Nebraska pages 134 --Dammed Rivers, Arizona pages 135 --Mississippi River Deltaic Plain pages 137 --Comment pages 138 --5. Discussion of Modern and Historical Migrations pages 139 --Changes in Dispersal pages 139 --Changes in Environment pages 141 --Changes in Both Dispersal and Environment pages 141 --Part II. Prehistoric Migrations pages 143 --6. Last Glacial and Holocene pages 145 --Northwestern Europe pages 146 --Late Glacial: Dryas I pages 148 --Allerod Interstadial pages 149 --Dryas II pages 151 --Holocene: Preboreal pages 151 --Boreal pages 152 --Atlantic pages 152 --Subboreal pages 153 --Subatlantic pages 153 --Changing Interpretation of Postglacial Migrations pages 154 --Eastern and Midwestern North America pages 156 --Full Glacial pages 157 --Late Glacial pages 157 --Holocene Epoch pages 161 --Problems of Interpretation pages 162 --Southwestern United States pages 165 --Full Glacial pages 165 --Late Glacial pages 168 --Holocene pages 169 --Problems of Interpretation pages 171 --Northern South America pages 173 --Japan pages 176 --East Africa pages 178 --7. Pleistocene Before Last Glacial pages 180 --Northwestern Europe pages 180 --Southern California pages 184 --Northern Andes pages 184 --8.

Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) pages 186 --North-Central Europe pages 187 --Western North America pages 188 --Arcto-Tertiary Flora pages 191 --Madro-Tertiary Flora pages 192 --Middle America pages 194 --9. The Deep Past pages 195 --Paleozoic and Mesozoic Gymnosperms pages 198 --Origin of Gymnosperms pages 198 --Carboniferous pages 199 --Permian pages 200 --Triassic and Jurassic pages 200 --Cretaceous pages 202 --Cretaceous Angiosperms pages 203 --Neocomian pages 204 --Barremian pages 205 --Aptian pages 205 --Albian pages 206 --Cenomanian pages 206 --Turonian pages 207 --Coniacean-Campanian pages 207 --Maestrichtian pages 208 --Cretaceous-Tertiary Transition pages 209 --Paleogene (Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene) pages 209 --10. Discussion of Prehistoric Migrations pages 212 --Part III. Migration and Evolution pages 215 --11. Deductive Interrelationships pages 217 --Theoretical Model Integrating Mechanisms of Migration and Evolution pages 217 --Hypothetical Parallels and Feedbacks Between Migration and Evolution pages 218 --12. Case Histories of Evolution Associated with Migration pages 219 --Local Expansion and Diversification of Coherent Populations pages 219 --Colonization of Mine Dumps in Britain pages 219 --Mimicry of Crops by Weeds pages 220 --Evolution of Weeds from Cultivars pages 221 --Comment pages 221 --Geographic Retreat and Genetic Impoverishment of Coherent Populations pages 222 --Geographic Disjunction and Genetic Divergence of Separate Populations pages 222 --The Slender Wild Oat in Central California pages 222 --Endemics on Juan Fernandez Islands pages 222 --Comment pages 223 --Geographic Overlap and Hybridization Between Formerly Discrete Species pages 223 --Introgression Between Native Species Disturbed Habitats pages 223 --Hybridization Following Long-Range Introduction pages 226 --Allopolyploid Speciation Following Long-Range Migration pages 227 --Comment pages 228 --13. Migration Without Evolution? pages 230 --14. Conclusion pages 233 --Appendix pages 237 --References pages 249 --Index to Genera pages 277

Using cases of plant migration documented by both historical and fossil evidence, Jonathan D. Sauer provides a landmark assessment of what is presently known, and not merely assumed, about the process.