Determination of trace elements/ editör Zeev B.Alfassi.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Systematic errors and their avoidance Systematic errors during the analytical procedure Basic rules for the recognition and elimination of systematic errors Errors in analytical results Accuracy Measuring trace concentrations The problem of detection Practical applications Reporting results at small concentrations Changes in trace element composition Pre-sampling considerations Aspects of sampling Sample decomposition Separation and preconcentration of trace elements by coprecipitation Separation and preconcentration of trace elements by flotation Preconcentration and separation of trace elements by solvent extraction Separation and preconcentration of trace elements by ion-exchange Separation and preconcentration by sorption Literature Quality of results Standards and chemicals Sample preparation Theory Major components of the instrument Radiation sources Wavelength selection system Atomization by flame Instruments Electrothermal atomization Hydride generation Interferences Instrumental background corrections Modifiers Automation Atomic spectrometry with plasma sources Plasma sources and sampling Plasma optical emission spectrometry Plasma mass spectrometry Basic nuclear physics Gamma detection systems Irradiation Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) Samples dissolution Radiochemical separations General review of X-ray photoelectron and auger electron spectroscopies XPS/AES applications in trace element determination Anodic and cathodic stripping voltammetry Non-stripping methods Potentiometric stripping Adsorptive stripping voltammetry Analytical information from interfaced chromatography with specific element detection Element-selective gas chromatographic detection Classes of atomic plasma emission chromatographic detectors The plasma-chromatograph interface Analytical GC applications Liquid chromatographic applications Supercritical fluid chromatographic (SFC) applications Chromatographic detection by plasma-mass spectrometry Future directions for trace analysis Principles of radiotracer methods Spatial (surface) speciation by nuclear techniques Phase speciation and the use of radioanalysis Chemical speciation of trace elements Need for trace element analysis of biomaterials Biological standardization Analytical standardization Clinical specimens from human subjects Environmental biomonitoring for toxicants Biomineral imbalances and health effects Trace elements and high altitude populations Reference values for trace elements in human specimens Reference parameters for data interpretation The future