000			12196nam a2200325 i 4500
008			091222s2010 fluaf b 001 0 eng
010			_a2009050603
020			_a9781439805824 _qalk. paper
020			_a1439805822 _qalk. paper
040			_aDLC _beng _cDLC _dYDX _dBTCTA _dUKM _dYDXCP _dBWX _dCDX _dBAUN _erda
049			_aBAUN_MERKEZ
050	0	4	_aTK2551 _b.T765 2010
082	0	0	_222
245	0	0	_aTransformer design principles : _bwith applications to core-form power transformers / _cRobert M. Del Vecchio ... [and others]
250			_a2nd ed
264		1	_aBoca Raton, FL : _bCRC Press/Taylor and Francis, _c[2010]
264		4	_c©2010
300			_axiii, 606 pages, [16] pages of plates : _billustrations (some color) ; _c25 cm
336			_atext _btxt _2rdacontent
337			_aunmediated _bn _2rdamedia
338			_avolume _bnc _2rdacarrier
504			_aIncludes bibliographical references and index
505	0	0	_tContents _t Preface _t1 Introduction _t1.1 Historical Background _t1.2 Uses in Power Systems _t1.3 Core-Form and Shell-Form Transformers _t1.4 Stacked and Wound Core Construction _t1.5 Transformer Cooling _t1.6 Winding Types _t1.7 Insulation Structures _t1.8 Structural Elements _t1.9 Modern Trends _t2 Magnetism and Related Core Issues _t2.1 Introduction _t2.2 Basic Magnetism _t2.3 Hysteresis _t2.4 Magnetic Circuits _t2.5 Inrush Current _t2.6 Distinguishing Inrush from Fault Current _t2.7 Optimal Core Stacking _t3 Circuit Model of a Two-Winding Transformer with Core _t3.1 Introduction _t3.2 Circuit Model of the Core _t3.3 Two-Winding Transformer Circuit Model with Core _t3.4 Approximate Two-Winding Transformer Circuit Model without Core _t3.5 Vector Diagram of a Loaded Transformer with Core _t3.6 Per-Unit System _t3.7 Voltage Regulation _t4 Reactance and Leakage Reactance Calculations _t4.1 Introduction _t4.2 General Method for Determining Inductances and Mutual Inductances _t4.2.1 Energy by Magnetic Field Methods _t4.2.2 Energy from Electric Circuit Methods _t4.3 Two-Winding Leakage Reactance Formula _t4.4 Ideal Two-, Three-, and Multiwinding Transformers _t4.4.1 Ideal Autotransformers _t4.5 Leakage Reactance for Two-Winding Transformers Based on Circuit Parameters _t4.5.1 Leakage Reactance for a Two-Winding Autotransformer _t4.6 Leakage Reactances for Three-Winding Transformers _t4.6.1 Leakage Reactance for an Autotransformer with a Tertiary Winding _t4.6.2 Leakage Reactance between Two Windings Connected in Series and a Third Winding _t4.6.3 Leakage Reactance of a Two-Winding Autotransformer with X-Line Taps _t4.6.4 More General Leakage Reactance Calculations _t5 Phasors, Three-Phase Connections, and Symmetrical Components _t5.1 Phasors _t5.2 Wye and Delta Three-Phase Connections _t5.3 Zig-Zag Connection _t5.4 Scott Connection _t5.5 Symmetrical Components _t6 Fault Current Analysis _t6.1 Introduction _t6.2 Fault Current Analysis on Three-Phase Systems _t6.2.1 Three-Phase Line-to-Ground Fault _t6.2.2 Single-Phase Line-to-Ground Fault _t6.2.3 Line-to-Line Fault _t6.2.4 Double Line-to-Ground Fault _t6.3 Fault Currents for Transformers with Two Terminals per Phase _t6.3.1 Three-Phase Line-to-Ground Fault _t6.3.2 Single-Phase Line-to-Ground Fault _t6.3.3 Line-to-Line Fault _t6.3.4 Double Line-to-Ground Fault _t6.3.5 Zero-Sequence Circuits _t6.3.6 Numerical Example for a Single Line-to-Ground Fault _t6.4 Fault Currents for Transformers with Three Terminals per Phase _t6.4.1 Three-Phase Line-to-Ground Fault _t6.4.2 Single-Phase Line-to-Ground Fault _t6.4.3 Line-to-Line Fault _t6.4.4 Double Line-to-Ground Fault _t6.4.5 Zero-Sequence Circuits _t6.4.6 Numerical Examples _t6.5 Asymmetry Factor _t7 Phase-Shifting and Zig-Zag Transformers _t7.1 Introduction _t7.2 Basic Principles _t7.3 Squashed Delta Phase-Shifting Transformer _t7.3.1 Zero-Sequence Circuit Model _t7.4 Standard Delta Phase-Shifting Transformer _t7.4.1 Zero-Sequence Circuit Model _t7.5 Two-Core Phase-Shifting Transformer _t7.5.1 Zero-Sequence Circuit Model _t7.6 Regulation Effects _t7.7 Fault Current Analysis _t7.7.1 Squashed Delta Fault Currents _t7.7.2 Standard Delta Fault Currents _t7.7.3 Two-Core Phase-Shifting Transformer Fault Currents _t7.8 Zig-Zag Transformer _t7.8.1 Calculation of Electrical Characteristics _t7.8.2 Per-Unit Formulas _t7.8.3 Zero-Sequence Impedance _t7.8.4 Fault Current Analysis _t8 Multiterminal Three-Phase Transformer Model _t8.1 Introduction _t8.2 Theory _t8.2.1 Two-Winding Leakage Inductance _t8.2.2 Multiwinding Transformers _t8.2.3 Transformer Loading _t8.3 Transformers with Winding Connections within a Phase _t8.3.1 Two Secondary Windings in Series _t8.3.2 Primary Winding in Series with a Secondary Winding _t8.3.3 Autotransformer _t8.4 Multiphase Transformers _t8.4.1 Delta Connection _t8.4.2 Zig-Zag Connection _t8.5 Generalizing the Model _t8.6 Regulation and Terminal Impedances _t8.7 Multiterminal Transformer Model for Balanced and Unbalanced Load Conditions _t8.7.1 Theory _t8.7.2 Admittance Representation _t8.7.2.1 Delta Winding Connection _t8.7.3 Impedance Representation _t8.7.3.1 Ungrounded Y Connection _t8.7.3.2 Series-Connected Windings from the Same Phase _t8.7.3.3 Zig-Zag Winding Connection _t8.7.3.4 Autoconnection _t8.7.3.5 Three Windings Joined _t8.7.4 Terminal Loading _t8.7.5 Solution Process _t8.7.5.1 Terminal Currents and Voltages _t8.7.5.2 Winding Currents and Voltages _t8.7.6 Unbalanced Loading Examples _t8.7.6.1 Autotransformer with Buried Delta Tertiary and Fault on Low-Voltage Terminal _t8.7.6.2 Power Transformer with Fault on Delta Tertiary _t8.7.6.3 Power Transformer with Fault on Ungrounded Y Secondary _t8.7.7 Balanced Loading Example _t8.7.7.1 Standard Delta Phase-Shifting Transformer _t8.7.8 Discussion _t9 Rabins' Method for Calculating Leakage Fields, Leakage Inductances, and Forces in Transformers _t9.1 Introduction _t9.2 Theory _t9.3 Rabins' Formula for Leakage Reactance _t9.3.1 Rabins' Method Applied to Calculate the Leakage Reactance between Two Windings That Occupy Different Radial Positions _t9.3.2 Rabins' Method Applied to Calculate the Leakage Reactance between Two Axially Stacked Windings _t9.3.3 Rabins' Method Applied to Calculate the Leakage Reactance for a Collection of Windings _t9.4 Application of Rabins' Method to Calculate the Self-Inductance of and Mutual Inductance between Coil Sections _t9.5 Determining the B-Field _t9.6 Determination of Winding Forces _t9.7 Numerical Considerations _t10 Mechanical Design _t10.1 Introduction _t10.2 Force Calculations _t10.3 Stress Analysis _t10.3.1 Compressive Stress in the Key Spacers _t10.3.2 Axial Bending Stress per Strand _t10.3.3 Tilting Strength _t10.3.4 Stress in the Tie Bars _t10.3.5 Stress in the Pressure Ring _t10.3.6 Hoop Stress _t10.3.7 Radial Bending Stress _t10.4 Radial Buckling Strength _t10.4.1 Free Unsupported Buckling _t10.4.2 Constrained Buckling _t10.4.3 Experiment to Determine Buckling Strength _t10.5 Stress Distribution in a Composite Wire-Paper Winding Section _t10.6 Additional Mechanical Considerations _t11 Electric Field Calculations _t11.1 Simple Geometries _t11.1.1 Planar Geometry _t11.1.2 Cylindrical Geometry _t11.1.3 Spherical Geometry _t11.1.4 Cylinder-Plane Geometry _t11.2 Electric Field Calculations Using Conformal Mapping _t11.2.1 Physical Basis _t11.2.2 Conformal Mapping _t11.2.3 Schwarz-Christoffel Transformation _t11.2.4 Conformal Map for the Electrostatic Field Problem _t11.2.4.1 Electric Potential and Field Values _t11.2.4.2 Calculations and Comparison with a Finite Element Solution _t11.2.4.3 Estimating Enhancement Factors _t11.3 Finite Element Electric Field Calculations _t12 Capacitance Calculations _t12.1 Introduction _t12.2 Distributive Capacitance along a Winding or Disk _t12.3 Stein's Disk Capacitance Formula _t12.4 General Disk Capacitance Formula _t12.5 Coil Grounded at One End with Grounded Cylinders on Either Side _t12.6 Static Ring on One Side of a Disk _t12.7 Terminal Disk without a Static Ring _t12.8 Capacitance Matrix _t12.9 Two Static Rings _t12.10 Static Ring between the First Two Disks _t12.11 Winding Disk Capacitances with Wound-in Shields _t12.11.1 Analytic Formula _t12.11.2 Circuit Model _t12.11.3 Experimental Methods _t12.11.4 Results _t12.12 Multistart Winding Capacitance _t13 Voltage Breakdown and High-Voltage Design _t13.1 Introduction _t13.2 Principles of Voltage Breakdown _t13.2.1 Breakdown in Solid Insulation _t13.2.2 Breakdown in Transformer Oil _t13.3 Geometric Dependence of Transformer-Oil Breakdown _t13.3.1 Theory _t13.3.2 Planar Geometry _t13.3.3 Cylindrical Geometry _t13.3.4 Spherical Geometry _t13.3.5 Comparison with Experiment _t13.3.6 Generalization _t13.3.6.1 Breakdown for the Cylinder-Plane Geometry _t13.3.6.2 Breakdown for the Disk-Disk-to-Ground Plane Geometry _t13.3.7 Discussion _t13.4 Insulation Coordination _t13.5 Continuum Model of Winding Used to Obtain the Impulse-Voltage
505	0	0	_t Distribution _t13.5.1 Uniform Capacitance Model _t13.5.2 Traveling Wave Theory _t13.6 Lumped-Parameter Model for Transient Voltage Distribution _t13.6.1 Circuit Description _t13.6.2 Mutual and Self-Inductance Calculations _t13.6.3 Capacitance Calculations _t13.6.4 Impulse-Voltage Calculations and Experimental Comparisons _t13.6.5 Sensitivity Studies _t14 Losses _t14.1 Introduction _t14.2 No-Load or Core Losses _t14.2.1 Building Factor _t14.2.2 Interlaminar Losses _t14.3 Load Losses _t14.3.1 I2R Losses _t14.3.2 Stray Losses _t14.3.2.1 Eddy Current Losses in the Coils _t14.3.2.2 Tieplate Losses _t14.3.2.3 Tieplate and Core Losses Due to Unbalanced Currents _t14.3.2.4 Tank and Clamp Losses _t14.3.3 Stray Losses Obtained from 3D Finite Element Analyses _t14.3.3.1 Shunts on the Clamps _t14.3.3.2 Shunts on the Tank Wall _t14.3.3.3 Effects of Three-Phase Currents on Losses _t14.3.3.4 Stray Losses from the 3D Analysis versus Analytical and Test Losses _t14.4 Tank and Shield Losses Due to Nearby Busbars _t14.4.1 Losses Obtained with 2D Finite Element Study _t14.4.2 Losses Obtained Analytically _t14.4.2.1 Current Sheet _t14.4.2.2 Delta Function Current _t14.4.2.3 Collection of Delta Function Currents _t14.4.2.4 Model Studies _t14.5 Tank Losses Associated with the Bushings _t14.5.1 Comparison with a 3D Finite Element Calculation _t15 Thermal Design _t15.1 Introduction _t15.2 Thermal Model of a Disk Coil with Directed Oil Flow _t15.2.1 Oil Pressures and Velocities _t15.2.2 Oil Nodal Temperatures and Path Temperature Rises _t15.2.3 Disk Temperatures _t15.3 Thermal Model for Coils without Directed Oil Flow _t15.4 Radiator Thermal Model _t15.5 Tank Cooling _t15.6 Oil Mixing in the Tank _t15.7 Time Dependence _t15.8 Pumped Flow _t15.9 Comparison with Test Results _t15.10 Determining m and n Exponents _t15.11 Loss of Life Calculation _t15.12 Cable and Lead Temperature Calculation _t15.13 Tank Wall Temperature Calculation _t15.14 Tieplate Temperature _t15.15 Core Steel Temperature Calculation _t16 Load Tap Changers _t16.1 Introduction _t16.2 General Description of Load Tap Changers _t16.3 Types of Regulation _t16.4 Principles of Operation _t16.4.1 Resistive Switching _t16.4.2 Reactive Switching with Preventive Autotransformers _t16.5 Connection Schemes _t16.5.1 Power Transformers _t16.5.2 Autotransformers _t16.5.3 Use of Auxiliary Transformers _t16.5.4 Phase-Shifting Transformers _t16.5.5 Reduced versus Full-Rated Taps _t16.6 General Maintenance _t17 Miscellaneous Topics _t17.1 Setting the Impulse Test Generator to Achieve Close to Ideal Waveshapes _t17.1.1 Impulse Generator Circuit Model _t17.1.2 Transformer Circuit Model _t17.1.3 Determining the Generator Settings for Approximating the Ideal Waveform _t17.1.4 Practical Implementation _t17.2 Impulse or Lightning Strike on a Transformer through a Length of Cable _t17.2.1 Lumped Parameter Model _t17.2.1.1 Numerical Example _t17.2.2 Traveling Wave Theory _t17.3 Air Core Inductance _t17.4 Electrical Contacts _t17.4.1 Contact Resistance _t17.4.2 Thermal Considerations _t17.4.3 Practical Considerations _t References _t Index
650		0	_aElectric transformers _xDesign and construction
700	1		_aDel Vecchio, Robert M
900			_a028685
900			_bsatın
942			_2lcc _cKT
999			_c24893 _d24893