000			10791nam a2200373 i 4500
008			110121s2011 flua b 001 0 eng
010			_a2010052640
020			_a9780415613538 _qhardback
020			_a0415613531 _qhardback
040			_aDLC _cDLC _dYDX _dBTCTA _dYDXCP _dBWX
049			_aBAUN_MERKEZ
050	0	4	_aTA440 _b.B555 2011
082	0	0	_222
100	1		_aBlight, G. E
245	1	0	_aAlkali-aggregate reaction and structural damage to concrete : _bengineering assessment, repair, and management / _cGeoffrey E. Blight, Mark G. Alexander
264		1	_aLeiden, The Netherlands : _bCRC Press/Balkema, _c[2011]
264		4	_c©2011
300			_axvi, 234 pages : _billustrations ; _c26 cm
336			_atext _btxt _2rdacontent
337			_aunmediated _bn _2rdamedia
338			_avolume _bnc _2rdacarrier
505	0	0	_tContents _t Author biographies _t Acknowledgements _t List of mathematical symbols _t1. Alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) and its effects on concrete _t-- an overview _t1.1. AAR and its visible characteristics _t1.2. The chemical characteristics of AAR _t1.3. Guarding against AAR _t1.4. Main types of AAR and the appearance of fractures caused by AAR _t1.4.1. Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) _t1.4.2. Alkali-silicate reaction _t1.4.3. Alkali-carbonate rock reaction (ACR) _t1.5. Chemical mechanisms of AAR _t1.6. Necessary and sufficient requirements for AAR to occur _t1.6.1. Alkalis _t1.6.2. Reactive silica _t1.6.3. The environment and moisture _t1.7. What is still to come _t References _t Plates _t2. Diagnostic investigations and tests and their interpretation _t2.1. Investigation of the cause of cracking in a concrete structure _t2.1.1. Planning the site inspection _t2.1.2. Observations on the structure _t2.1.3. Preliminary assessment of the site inspection _t2.1.4. Sampling of concrete _t2.2. Petrology of AAR-susceptible mineral and rock types _t2.2.1. Mineral constituents _t2.2.2. The alkali-silica reaction _t2.3. Assessing aggregates for AAR-potential _t2.3.1. Initial screening tests _t2.3.2. Indicator tests _t2.3.3. Performance tests _t2.3.4. RILEM technical committee contributions _t2.3.5. Drawing conclusions from tests for AAR-susceptibility _t2.4. Aggregate petrography _t2.4.1. Petrographic composition and examination of aggregates _t2.4.2. Analysis techniques _t2.4.3. Assessing residual ultimate expansion of concrete in structures _t References _t Plates _t3. Effects of AAR on engineering properties of concrete _t-- results of laboratory determinations _t3.1. Laboratory specimens and cores taken from structures _t3.2. The process of cracking _t3.3. Differences between laboratory specimens and cores taken from AAR-affected structures _t3.4. The testing of cores and laboratory-prepared cylinders or prisms _t3.4.1. Stresses in a cylinder subject to compression between rigid platens _t3.4.2. Load-controlled and strain-controlled testing _t3.4.3. Measuring the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio for concrete in compression _t3.4.4. Measuring the direct tensile strength _t3.4.5. Measuring the indirect or splitting tensile strength _t3.5. The strength of disrupted or disintegrated concrete _t3.6. Elastic properties, compressive, indirect and direct tensile strengths of AAR-affected concrete _t3.7. Creep of AAR-damaged concrete under sustained load _t3.8. The effects on expansion of compressive stress _t3.8.1. Restraint on expansion imposed by reinforcing _t3.8.2. Restraint on expansion imposed by adjacent structures or structural elements _t3.9. Fracturing of reinforcing steel in AAR-affected structures _t3.10. The possibility of bond failure in AAR-affected reinforced concrete structures _t3.11. Review and summary of conclusions _t References _t Plates _t4. Assessment of risk of structural failure based on the results of laboratory or field tests _t4.1. Introduction, definitions and examples _t4.2. An acceptable probability of failure _tpart 1 Statistical considerations _t4.3. Statistical calculation of the probability of failure _t4.4. Assessing demand D and capacity C _t4.4.1. Assessing the demand D _t4.4.2. Assessing the capacity C _t4.5. A simple example of calculating pf _t4.6. Conclusions on statistical assessment of risk _tpart 2 Full-scale test loading _t4.7. Full-scale test loading as a means of assessing risk _t4.8. Instruments used for measurements in laboratory and in situ load testing _t4.8.1. Determining principal and shear strains _t4.8.2. Mechanical methods for measuring deflection and strain _t4.8.3. Electrical methods for measuring deflection and strain _t4.8.4. Measuring temperature _t4.8.5. Measuring rotation or change of slope _t4.8.6. Recent developments for in situ measurement of displacement, rotation and strain in structures _t4.8.7. Testing by ultra-sonic pulse velocity (UPV) _t4.9. Planning, preparing and performing an in situ load test on a structure _t4.9.1. The history of the structure _t4.9.2. Objectives, extent of testing and preliminary information-gathering _t4.9.3. Detailed planning _t-- choice of date and time, lighting and access _t4.9.4. Loading system, stages of loading, predicted and actual movements and strains _t4.9.5. Briefing the testing team _t4.10. "Special" or "once or twice off" test loadings of complete structures _t4.10.1. Motorway double-cantilever structures: (northern cold-temperate coastal climate) _t4.10.2. Motorway portal frame (southern warm-temperate, water deficient continental climate) _t4.10.3. Motorway bridge (northern cold-temperate climate) _t4.10.4. Unreinforced concrete road pavement (southern mediterranean-type temperate climate) _t4.10.5. Underground mass concrete plug _t4.10.6. Industrial structural pavement _t4.11. Routine periodic test loading of complete structures _t4.11.1. Loading jetty over sea (southern moist tropical coastal climate) _t4.11.2. Bridges on highway (north temperate climate) _t4.12. Tests on relatively small components removed from site and tested in laboratory _t4.12.1. Prestressed concrete railway sleepers (southern temperate semi-desert climate) _t4.12.2. Beams sawn from flat slab bridges (northern cold-temperate climate) _t4.12.3. Prestressed planks taken from road bridge (southern warm-temperate climate) _t4.13. Review and conclusions _t References _t Plates _t5. Repair and rehabilitation of AAR-affected structures _t5.1. Types of repair or remedial treatment _t5.2. Arresting the AAR process _t-- experiments with surface treatments _t5.2.1. Experiments in Iceland (cold climate) and France (cool temperate climate) _t5.2.2. Laboratory experiments in South Africa (warm temperate, water-deficient continental climate) _t5.2.3. Field experiments in South Africa _t5.2.4. Additional observations and conclusions _t5.2.5. Treatment of structures with lithium compounds _t5.3. Restoring design properties by resin-injection _t5.3.1. General consideration of crack injection as a method of repair _t5.3.2. Repair of sports stadium _t5.4. Repair by externally applied stressing _t5.4.1. Repair of cantilever projection supporting beam spans on either side _t5.4.2. Repair of knee of reinforced concrete portal frame _t5.4.3. Principle of increasing resistance to vertical stress by increasing horizontal stress _t5.4.4. Strengthening column by means of stressed precast concrete encasement _t5.5. Strengthening by glued-on steel plates _t5.5.1. Experiments on external plating to strengthen concrete structures _t5.6. Repair by partial demolition and reconstruction _t5.6.1. Partial demolition and rebuilding of bridge piers _t5.6.2. Refurbishing a bridge underpass _t5.6.3. Partial demolition and rebuilding of highway structure _t5.7. Repair and rehabilitation of concrete highway pavement _t5.8. Repair or mitigation of effects of AAR in large mass concrete structures _t5.8.1. Use of slot-cutting to relieve distress in hydroelectric power machinery _t5.8.2. Effects of AAR on movements of arch dams _t5.8.3. Slot-cutting for relief of swelling stress _t5.9. Repair of broken reinforcement in AAR-damaged concrete _t5.10. Review and conclusions _t5.10.1. Arresting AAR _t5.10.2. Repair by resin injection _t5.10.3. Repair by externally applied stressing _t5.10.4. Repair by external reinforcing _t5.10.5. Partial demolition and reconstruction _t5.10.6. Repair and rehabilitation of concrete pavements _t5.10.7. Alleviation of AAR effects in mass concrete structures _t5.10.8. Broken reinforcement _t5.10.9. Repair and ongoing maintenance _t References _t Plates _t6. Epilogue _t-- A check-list of important structural consequences of AAR _t6.1. AAR is a durability problem that is unlikely to cause structural failure _t6.2. AAR results in the deterioration of concrete properties _t6.3. In situ concrete properties can usually be expected to be considerably better than properties measured
505	0	0	_t on cores in a laboratory _t6.4. Compression members are relatively unaffected by AAR _t6.5. Flexural members need more consideration _t6.6. The performance of structural concrete pavements _t6.7. Compressive stresses in AAR-affected concrete _t6.8. AAR-damaged structures can reach and exceed their design service life with minimal repair and preventive maintenance _t Subject index
520			_a"Since AAR was first identified in 1940, it has been a subject dominated by studies of the mineralogy of AAR-susceptible aggregates, the chemistry of the AAR and related reactions and laboratory tests used to diagnose AAR and predict potential future swelling. Civil and structural engineers have found the literature bewildering and difficult to apply to their immediate requirements of assessing the present and future effects of AAR on the strength, safety and serviceability of plain and reinforced concrete structures. There is a need to discuss methods that can be used for in situ non-destructive testing to assess the effects of AAR, and in-service measurements and load-testing to assess the present and future safety of reinforced concrete structures. Methods of repair and rehabilitation and their long-term success also need to be discussed, as do methods of halting or slowing the progress of AAR. At the same time, the fundamentals of AAR need to be explained in terms intelligible to the civil and structural engineer who is primarily trained in structural mechanics and design, but also needs to have a basic understanding of the AAR process and its effects on concrete"--Provided by publisher
504			_aIncludes bibliographical references and index
650		0	_aConcrete products _xMaintenance and repair
650		0	_aConcrete _xDeterioration
650		0	_aConcrete _xEvaluation
650		0	_aAlkali-aggregate reactions
700	1		_aAlexander, Mark G
900			_a33143
900			_bsatın
942			_2lcc _cKT
999			_c30175 _d30175