000			09040nam a2200301 i 4500
008			131213s2006 enkm b a001 0 eng d
020			_a0419228004
040			_aBAUN _beng _cBAUN _erda
049			_aBAUN_MERKEZ
050	0	4	_aTA435 _b.A48 2006
100	1		_aAligizaki, Kalliopi K.
245	1	0	_aPore structure of cement-based materials : _btesting, interpretation and requirements / _cKalliopi K. Aligizaki.
264		1	_aAbingdon [England] ; _aNew York : _bTaylor and Francis, _c2006.
300			_axli, 388 pages : _billustrations ; _c26 cm.
336			_2rdacontent _atext _btxt
337			_2rdamedia _aunmediated _bn
338			_2rdacarrier _avolume _bnc
490	1		_aModern concrete technology series ; _v12.
504			_aIncludes bibliographical references and index.
505	0	0	_tPreface _tAcknowledgements _tConversions _tSymbols _tAbbreviations _tList of figures _tList of tables _tChapter 1 INTRODUCTION _t1.1 SCOPE OF THE BOOK _t1.2 PORES IN CEMENT PASTE _t1.2.1 Gel pores _t1.2.2 Capillary pores _t1.2.3 Hollow-shell pores _t1.2.4 Air voids _t1.2.5 Pore size ranges _t1.3 METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZING PORE STRUCTURE _t1.4 DEFINITION OF PORE STRUCTURE PARAMETERS _t1.4.1 General pores _t1.4.1.1 Porosity _t1.4.1.2 Hydraulic radius _t1.4.1.3 Specific surface area _t1.4.1.4 Threshold diameter _t1.4.1.5 Pore size distribution _t1.4.1.6 Other parameters _t1.4.1.7 Factors affecting the parameters measured _t1.4.2. Air voids _t1.4.2.1. Total air content _t1.4.2.2 Specific surface _t1.4.2.3 Spacing factor _tReferences _tChapter 2 SPECIMEN PRETREATMENT _t2.1 WATER REMOVAL _t2.1.1 Drying techniques _t2.1.1.1 Oven-drying _t2.1.1.2 Vacuum-drying _t2.1.1.3 P-drying _t2.1.1.4 D-drying _t2.1.1.5 Direct freeze-drying _t2.1.1.6 Indirect freeze-drying _t2.1.1.7 Desiccant drying _t2.1.1.8 Critical Point Drying _t2.1.2 Solvent Replacement _t2.1.2.1 Ease of penetration _t2.1.2.2 Physical and chemical interactions _t2.1.3 Comparison of different water removal techniques _t2.2 PREPARATION FOR MICROSCOPY _t2.2.1 Polished surface _t2.2.1.1 Cutting, grinding and polishing _t2.2.1.2 Impregnation by epoxy resin _t· Dry vacuum impregnation _t· Fluorescent liquid replacement _t2.2.2 Thin sections _t2.2.3 Fractured surface _t2.2.4 Intrusion alloys _tReferences _tChapter 3 MERCURY INTRUSION POROSIMETRY _t3.1 THEORY AND TESTING PROCEDURE _t3.1.1 Instrument description _t3.1.2 Testing procedure _t3.1.2.1 Low pressure _t3.1.2.2 High pressure _t3.1.3 Calculation of pore size _t3.1.4 Pore size distribution _t3.1.5 Specific surface area _t3.2 PLOTS OBTAINED _t3.2.1 Cumulative intrusion curve _t3.2.2 Incremental and differential distribution curve _t3.2.3 Surface area _t3.2.4 Range of sizes determined _t3.3 HYSTERESIS AND ENTRAPMENT OF MERCURY _t3.3.1 Theories proposed to explain hysteresis _t3.3.1.1 Ink-bottle pores and trapped mercury _t3.3.1.2 Contact angle hysteresis _t3.3.1.3 Pore potential theory _t3.3.1.4 Surface roughness _t3.3.1.5 Compression of the solid _t3.3.2 Entrapment of mercury and second intrusion method _t3.4 PARAMETERS AFFECTING RESULTS _t3.4.1 Specimen pretreatment _t3.4.2 Specimen size _t3.4.3 Rate of pressure build-up _t3.4.4 Contact angle _t3.4.4.1 Parameters affecting contact angle _tCement paste characteristics _tPore size _tMercury purity _tSurface roughness _t3.4.4.2 Determination of contact angle _t3.4.5 Surface tension of mercury _t3.4.6 Alteration of pore structure _t3.4.7 Alternative intrusion liquids _t3.5 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS _tReferences _tChapter 4 GAS ADSORPTION _t4.1 THEORY AND TESTING PROCEDURE _t4.2 ANALYSIS OF DATA _t4.2.1 Adsorption isotherm _t4.2.2 Thickness of adsorbed film _t4.2.3 Pore size (Kelvin Equation) _t4.3 TOTAL PORE VOLUME _t4.3.1 Dubinin-Radushkevich equation _t4.4 PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION _t4.4.1 The Barrett-Joyner-Halenda method _t4.4.2 The Cranston-Inkley method _t4.4.3 The Modelless method and Micropore (MP) analysis method _ta) Modelless method [4.33] _tb) Micropore analysis method _t4.5 SPECIFIC SURFACE _t4.5.1 The Langmuir theory _t4.5.2 The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory _t4.5.3 The Dubinin-Kaganer equation _t4.5.4 The Harkins-Jura (HJ) relative method _t4.5.5 The t-plot _t4.5.6?The ?s-plot _t4.6 ADSORPTION HYSTERESIS _t4.7 FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESULTS _t4.7.1 Pretreatment method _t4.7.2 Type of adsorbate used _t4.7.3 Analysis method used _t4.8 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS _tReferences _tChapter 5 PYCNOMETRY AND THERMOPOROMETRY _t5.1 PYCNOMETRY _t5.1.1 Liquid pycnometry _t5.1.1.1 Water absorption _t5.1.1.2 Water replacement using an alcohol _t5.1.2 Gas (Helium) Pycnometry and Helium Flow _t5.1.2.1 Theoretical aspects _t5.1.2.2 Helium flow _t5.1.2.3Determination of surface area and hydraulic radius _t5.1.2.4 Effect of pretreatment _t5.1.3 Advantages and limiations _t5.2 THERMOPOROMETRY _t5.2.1 Theoretical considerations _t5.2.2 Experimental procedure _t5.2.3 Pore size distribution _t5.2.4 Determination of the Surface Area and the Average Radius _t5.2.5 Applications on cement paste _t5.2.6 Advantages and limitations _tReferences _tChapter 6 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE _t6.1 THEORETICAL ASPECTS _r/ FUNDAMENTALS _t6.1.1 Single nucleus properties _t6.1.2 Magnetization of a group of nuclei (bulk magnetization) _tInteractions between nuclei _t6.2 NMR EXPERIMENT _t6.2.1 Instrumentation _t6.2.2 NMR excitation and response _t6.2.2.1 Free Induction Decay _t6.2.2.2 Fourier transformation and spectrum _t6.2.3 Pulse sequences _t6.2.3.1 Hahn spin echo pulse sequence _t6.2.3.2 Inversion recovery pulse sequence _t6.2.3.3 Carr-Purcell echo pulse sequence _t6.3 SPIN RELAXATION _t6.3.1 Spin-lattice relaxation _t6.3.2 Spin-spin relaxation _t6.3.3 Inhomogeneous broadening _t6.4. PORE SIZE DETERMINATION _t6.4.1 Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Analysis _t6.4.1.1 Relaxation inside a single pore _t6.4.1.2 Relaxation inside a distribution of pore sizes _tDiscrete model _tDiffusion cell model _t6.4.1.3 Pore size distribution in cement pastes _t6.4.2 NMR Cryoporometry _t6.4.3 NMR imaging _t6.4.3.1 Strong field gradients _t6.4.3.2 Fast Imaging methods _t6.5.3.3 Application to porous materials _t6.5 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS _tReferences _tChapter 7 SMALL ANGLE SCATTERING _t7.1 THEORETICAL ASPECTS _t7.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE _t7.2.1 Small-angle X-ray scattering equipment setup _t7.2.2 Small-angle neutron scattering equipment setup _t7.2.3 Data collection/Measurement _t7.3 PLOTS OBTAINED _t7.3.1 Guinier's plot _t7.3.2 Porod's plot _t7.4 RANGE OF SIZES _t7.5 APPLICATIONS TO CEMENT PASTES _t7.5.1 Guinier plot _t7.5.2 Porod plot _t7.5.3 Scattering contrast _t7.5.4 Surface area _t7.5.5 Structure of cement paste _t7.5.6 Fractal dimension _t7.5.7 Factors affecting the results _t7.5 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS _tReferences _tChapter 8 MICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES AND STEREOLOGY _t8.1 OPTICAL MICROSCOPY _t8.1.1 Types of Microscopes _t8.1.2 Characteristics of the microscope _t8.2 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY _t8.2.1 Design and physical basis of operation _t8.2.2 The Performance and characteristics of the SEM _t8.2.3 Electron-Specimen Interactions and principal images _t8.2.3.1 Secondary electrons _t8.2.3.2 Backscattered electrons (BSE) _t8.2.4 Environmental (scanning) electron microscopy _t8.2.5 Transmission electron microscope _t8.3 SCANNING ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY _t8.4 IMAGE ANALYSIS _t8.4.1 Image analysis steps _t8.5 STEREOLOGY _t8.5.1 Point Counting _t8.5.2 Lineal Analysis _t8.5.2.1 Pore volume _t8.5.2.2 Pore size distribution _t8.5.3 Section Analysis _t8.5.3.1 Pore volume _t8.5.3.2 Pore size distribution from section diameters _t8.5.3.3 Pore size distribution from section areas _t8.5.4 Comparison of stereological methods _t8.5.4.1 Comparison for pore volume _t8.5.4.2 Comparison for pore size distribution _t8.6 APPLICATION OF MICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES TO CEMENT PASTE _tMICROSTRUCTURE ANALYSIS _t8.7 AIR VOIDS ANALYSIS USING OPTICAL MICROSCOPY _t8.7.1 Factors affecting results _t8.7.2 Different mathematical parameters _t8.7.3 Image analysis of air voids _t8.7.4 Section analysis used for air volume _t8.7.5 Air void distribution _tReferences _tChapter 9 COMPARISON OF RESULTS BY VARIOUS METHODS (Not final) _t9.1 COMPARISON WITH MIP RESULTS _t9.1.1 Nitrogen Adsorption _tEffect of pretreatment _tReasons of differences _t9.1.2 Helium pycnometry _t9.1.3 Alcohol Exchange _tWater _t9.1.4 NMR vs. MIP and Nitrogen Sorption _t9.1.5. Small Angle X-Ray Scattering _t9.2 COMPARISON WITH NITROGEN ADSORPTION _t9.2.1 Helium Pycnometry _t9.2.2 Water Sorption _t9.2.3 SAXS Vs. Nitrogen Adsorption And Drying _t9.3 COMPARISON WITH REPLACEMENT TECHNIQUES _t9.3.1 Helium Pycnometry Vs. Methanol Sorption _t9.3.2 Alcohol Exchange Vs. Water Saturation _t9.3.3 Evaporable Water Vs. Rewetting _t9.3.4 Neutron scattering vs. water evaporation _t9.3.5 SAXS vs. water sorption _t9.4 COMPARISON WITH MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES _tImage analysis using BSE _t9.1.6 MIP vs. SEM _tMIP vs OM _tMIP vs. image analysis by SEM _tPore size distribution _tImage analysis vs.
505	0	0	_tmethanol adsorption _tReferences _tCONCLUSIONS _tStandards _tGlossary of terms _tIndex of terms _tAuthor index
650		0	_aCement _xTesting.
650		0	_aPorosity.
830		0	_9108345 _aModern concrete technology series (E. & F.N. Spon)
900			_a35557
900			_bsatın
942			_2lcc _cKT
999			_c32769 _d32769