Descriptive inorganic, coordination, and solid-state chemistry / Glen E. Rodgers

Includes bibliographical references (pages 549-554) and index

The Evolving Realm of Inorganic Chemistry Summary Part I Coordination Chemistry An Introduction to Coordination Chemistry The Historical Perspective The History of Coordination Compounds Early Compounds The Blomstrand--Jørgensen Chain Theory The Werner Coordination Theory The Modern View of Coordination Compounds An Introduction to the Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds Summary Problems Structures of Coordination Compounds Stereoisomers Octahedral Coordination Spheres Compounds with Monodentate Ligands Compounds with Chelating Ligands Square Planar Coordination Spheres Tetrahedral Coordination Spheres Other Coordination Spheres Structural Isomers Summary Problems Bonding Theories for Coordination Compounds Early Bonding Theories The Lewis Acid-Base Definition Crystal Field, Valence-Bond, and Molecular Orbital Theories Crystal Field Theory Shapes of 3d Orbitals Octahedral Fields Tetragonally Distorted Octahedral and Square Planar Fields Tetrahedral Fields Consequences and Applications of Crystal Field Splitting Crystal Field Splitting Energies versus Pairing Energies Crystal Field Stabilization Energies Factors Affecting the Magnitude of the Crystal Field Splitting Energies Magnetic Properties Absorption Spectroscopy and the Colors of Coordination Compounds Summary Problems Rates and Mechanisms of Reactions of Coordination Compounds A Brief Survey of Reaction Types Labile and Inert Coordination Compounds Substitution Reactions of Octahedral Complexes Possible Mechanisms Experimental Complications Evidence for Dissociative Mechanisms Explanation of Inert versus Labile Complexes Redox, or Electron Transfer, Reactions Outer-Sphere Mechanisms Inner-Sphere Mechanisms Substitution Reactions in Square Planar Complexes: The Kinetic Trans Effect Summary Problems Applications of Coordination Compounds Applications of Monodentate Complexes Two Keys to the Stability of Transition Metal Complexes Hard and Soft Acids and Bases The Chelate Effect Applications of Multidentate Complexes Chelating Agents as Detergent Builders Bioinorganic Applications of Coordination Chemistry Oxygen Transport Therapeutic Chelating Agents for Heavy Metals Platinum Antitumor Agents Summary Problems Part II Solid-State Chemistry Solid-State Structures Types of Crystals Ionic Crystals Metallic Crystals Covalent Network Crystals Atomic-Molecular Crystals A Type Crystal Lattices Space Lattices and Unit Cells A Type Lattices ABn-Type Crystal Lattices Cubic, Octahedral, and Tetrahedral Holes Radius Ratios Ionic Radii AB Structures AB2 Structures Structures Involving Polyatomic Molecules and Ions Defect Structures Spinel Structures: Connecting Crystal Field Effects with Solid-State Structures Summary Problems Solid-State Energetics Lattice Energy: A Theoretical Evaluation Lattice Energy: Thermodynamic Cycles Electron Affinities Heats of Formation for Unknown Compounds Thermochemical Radii Lattice Energies and Ionic Radii: Connecting Crystal Field Effects with Solid-State Energetics Summary Problems Part III Descriptive Chemistry of the Representative Elements Building a Network of Ideas to Make Sense of the Periodic Table The Periodic Law Effective Nuclear Charge Atomic Radii Ionization Energy Electron Affinity Electronegativity The Uniqueness Principle The Small Size of the First Elements The Increased Likelihood of Pi Bonding in the First Elements The Lack of Availability of d Orbitals in the First Elements The Diagonal Effect The Inert-Pair Effect Metal, Nonmetal, and Metalloid Regions Summary Problems Hydrogen and Hydrides The Origin of the Elements (and of Us!) Discovery, Preparation, and Uses of Hydrogen Isotopes of Hydrogen Radioactive Processes Involving Hydrogen Alpha and Beta Decay, Nuclear Fission, and Deuterium Tritium Hydrides and the Network Covalent Hydrides Ionic Hydrides Metallic Hydrides The Role of Hydrogen in Various Alternative Energy Sources The Hydrogen Economy Nuclear Fusion Summary Problems Oxygen, Aqueous Solutions, and the Acid-Base Character of Oxides and Hydroxides Oxygen Discovery Occurrence, Preparation, Properties, and Uses Water and Aqueous Solutions The Structure of the Water Molecule Ice and Liquid Water Solubility of Substances in Water Self Ionization of Water The Acid-Base Character of Oxides and Hydroxides in Aqueous Solution Oxides: General Expectations from the Network Oxides in Aqueous Solution (Acidic and Basic Anhydrides) The E-O-H Unit in Aqueous Solution An Addition to the Network The Relative Strengths of Oxoacids and Hydroacids in Aqueous Solution Oxoacids Nomenclature of Oxoacids and Corresponding Salts (Optional) Hydroacids Ozone The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming Summary Problems Group 1A: The Alkali Metals Discovery and Isolation of the Elements Fundamental Properties and the Network Hydrides, Oxides, Hydroxides, and Halides Application of the Uniqueness Principle and Diagonal Effect Reduction Potentials and the Network Peroxides and Superoxides Peroxides Superoxides Reactions and Compounds of Practical Importance Selected Topic in Depth: Metal-Ammonia Solutions Summary Problems Group 2A: The Alkaline-Earth Metals Discovery and Isolation of the Elements Calcium, Barium, and Strontium Magnesium Beryllium Radium Fundamental Properties and the Network Hydrides, Oxides, Hydroxides, and Halides Uniqueness of Beryllium and Diagonal Relationship to Aluminum Reactions and Compounds of Practical Importance Beryllium Disease Radiochemical Uses Metallurgical Uses Fireworks and X Rays Hard Water Selected Topic in Depth: The Commercial Uses of Calcium Compounds CaCO3 (Limestone) CaO (Quicklime) and Ca(OH)2 (Slaked Lime) Summary Problems The Group 3A Elements Discovery and Isolation of the Elements Boron Aluminum Gallium Indium and Thallium Fundamental Properties and the Network Hydrides, Oxides, Hydroxides, and Halides Structural Aspects of Boron Chemistry Allotropes Borides Borates Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium: Reactions and Compounds of Practical Importance Aluminum Metal and Alloys Alums Alumina Gallium, Indium, and Thallium Compounds Selected Topic in Depth: Electron-Deficient Compounds Summary Problems The Group 4A Elements Discovery and Isolation of the Elements Carbon, Tin, and Lead Silicon Germanium Fundamental Properties and the Network Hydrides Oxides and Hydroxides Halides An Eighth Component of the Interconnected Network: pπ-dπ Bonding Involving Elements of the Second and Third Periods Reactions and Compounds of Practical Importance Diamond, Graphite, and the Graphenes Tin Disease Radiochemical Uses Carbon Compounds Lead Compounds and Toxicology Silicates, Silica, and Aluminosilicates Silicates and Silica Aluminosilicates Selected Topics in Depth: Semiconductors and Glass Semiconductors Glass Summary Problems Group 5A: The Pnicogens Discovery and Isolation of the Elements Antimony and Arsenic Phosphorus Bismuth Nitrogen Fundamental Properties and the Network The Uniqueness Principle Pπ-dπ Bonding Involving Elements of the Second and Third Periods Other Network Components Hydrides Oxides and Oxoacids Halides A Survey of Nitrogen Oxidation States Nitrogen (-3) Compounds: Nitrides and Ammonia Nitrogen (-2): Hydrazine, N2H4 Nitrogen (-1): Hydroxylamine, NH2OH Nitrogen (+1): Nitrous Oxide, N2O Nitrogen (+2): Nitric Oxide, NO Nitrogen (+3): Dinitrogen Trioxide, N2O3, and Nitrous Acid, HNO2 Nitrogen (+4): Nitrogen Dioxide, NO2 Nitrogen (+5): Dinitrogen Pentoxide, N2O5, and Nitric Acid, HNO3 Reactions and Compounds of Practical Importance Nitrogen Fixation Nitrates and Nitrites Nitrogen Air Bags Matches and Phossy Jaw Phosphates Selected Topic in Depth: Photochemical Smog Summary Problems Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium, and Polonium Discovery and Isolation of

the Elements Sulfur Tellurium and Selenium (Earth and Moon) Polonium Fundamental Properties and the Network Hydrides Oxides and Oxoacids Halides Allotropes and Compounds Involving Element-Element Bonds Allotropes Polycations and Anions Catenated Halides and Hydrides Catenated Oxoacids and Corresponding Salts Sulfur Nitrides Reactions and Compounds of Practical Importance Sodium-Sulfur Batteries Photoelectric Uses of Selenium and Tellurium Sulfuric Acid Selected Topic in Depth: Acid Rain Summary Problems Group 7A: The Halogens Discovery and Isolation of the Elements Chlorine Iodine Bromine Fluorine Astatine Fundamental Properties and the Network Hydrides Halides Oxides Oxoacids and Their Salts Hypohalous Acids, HOX, and Hypohalites, OX- Halous Acids, HOXO, and Halites, XO-2 Halic Acids, HOXO2, and Halates, XO-3 Perhalic Acids, HOXO3, and Perhalates, XO-4 Neutral and Ionic Interhalogens Reactions and Compounds of Practical Importance Fluoridation Chlorination Bleaches Bromides Selected Topic in Depth: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)-A Threat to the Ozone Layer Summary Problems Group 8A: The Noble Gases Discovery and Isolation of the Elements Argon Helium Krypton, Neon, and Xenon Radon Fundamental Properties and the Network Compounds of Noble Gases History Fluorides Structures Other Compounds Physical Properties and Elements of Practical Importance Selected Topic in Depth: Radon as a Carcinogen Summary Problems A Word about Sources Credit References Lists of Figures, Tables, Formulas, and Constants Index