Linguistics for everyone : an introduction / Kristin Denham, Anne Lobeck

Includes bibliographical references (pages 499 - 512) and index

Table Of Contents: About the Cover Preface Acknowledgments What Is Language and How Do we Study It? What Is Language? Our Language Expertise Acquiring versus Learning a Language Human Language and Animal Communication Can Other Animals Learn Language? Did You Know...? Rico, the Talking Border Collie Two Case Studies: Washoe and Nim What is Grammar? The Components of Grammar What Is Grammatical? Prescriptive and Descriptive Grammar When Prescription and Description Overlap Modification: Anothe Overlap Grammar across Space and Time Universal Grammar Linguistics in the News The Language Blog and Eggcorns Parameters Sign Language Grammar Sign Language versus Body Language Language Alive! Sign Language Diversity The Scientific Study of Language Noam Chomsky and Generative Grammar Did you Know...? Noam Chomsky Influences on Modern Linguistics Rationalism and Empiricism Structural Linguistics Linguistics Today Accent on The Linguistic Society of America Summary Sources and Resources Review, Practice, and Explore The Human Capacity for Language Our Capacity to Acquire Language What Children's ``Mistakes'' Tell Us Mouses and Foots: Overgeneralizing Rules Language Alive! One Wug and Two...Wugs? Evidence for Universal Grammar Children don't Learn by Analogy Stages of First Language Acquisition The Prelinguistic Stage: The Early Months The Babbling State: 4-8 Months Did You Know...? How Do You Study an Infant? The One-Word Stage: 9-18 Months The Two-Word Stage: 18-24 Months The Early Multiword Stage: 24-30 Months Language Alive! Hardwiring and Order of Acquisition The Later Multiword Stage: 30 Months and Older Did You Know...? Baby Talk and Parentese Did You Know...? What about Baby Einstein? A Critical Period for Language Acquisition? Acquisition and Isolation: Victor and Genie Sign Language Acquisition Second Language Acquisition Is It Learning or Acquisition? Interlanguage Grammar Social Aspects of Second Language Acquisition Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar Two Native Languages: Bilingualism Misperceptions about Bilingualism Our Capacity to Create Language Pidgins and Creoles Nicaraguan Sign Language Linguistics in the News A Gene for Language? Language and the Brain Language Intelligence? Specific Language Impairment Linguistic Savants Williams Syndrome A Language Center in the Brain? Did You Know...? Poor Phineas Gage Broca's Aphasia Wernicke's Aphasia More Evidence for Lateralization Dichotic Listening Split-Brain Patients Brain Imaging Accent on Clinical Linguistics Summary Sources and Resources Review, Practice, and Explore Phonetics: Describing Sounds Sounds and Symbols Phonemes Consonants Voiced and Voiceless Consonants Did You Know...? Visible Speech Place of Articulation Bilabial Language Alive! A Disappearing Sound Labiodental Interdental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Manner of Articulation Stops Linguistics in the News Peter Ladefoged: Pioneer in Phonetics Fricatives Language Alive! Why Do we Spell Words with -ough? Affricates Nasals Did You Know...? Mom Is Bob Glides Liquids Language Alive! Forgotten Clusters Why All These Distinctions? Slips of the Tongue Vowels Language Alive! Do Dawn and Don Rhyme? Diphthongs Syllabic Consonants Other Vowel Distinctions Language Alive! Double is Not Long Vowel Shifts The Great Vowel Shift The Northern Cities Chain Shift The Southern Vowel Shift Phonemes and Allophones Accent on Product Naming Summary Sources and Resources Review, Practice, and Explore Phonology: The Sound Patterns of Language Phonemes and Allophones Did You Know...? Babies are better at Language Language Alive! Long-Lost English Allophones Assimilation Rules Vowel Nasalization Alveolar Nasal Assimilation Alveolar Stop Assimilation Palatalization Did You Know...? Invented Spelling Voicing Assimilation Dissimilation Rules Dissimilation of Liquids and Nasal Sounds Dissimilation of Fricative Sounds Insertion Rules Insertion of Vowels Insertion of Consonants Insertion of Voiceless Stop Insertion of /y/ Deletion Rules Deletion of /r/ after Vowels Language Alive! Where the Heck is <h>? Deletion of Fricative Next to Fricative Did You Know...? Where Do You Get Tenashoes? Deletion of Like Sounds or Syllables Deletion of Consonant Clusters Deletion of Syllable-Final Consonant Clusters Fronting Rules Fronting of Velar Nasal to Alveolar Nasal Fronting in Child Language Fronting of /x/ Exchange Rules Exchanging /s/ and a Consonant Language Alive! What's Wrong with Aks? Exchanging /r/ and a Vowel Exchanging Syllable Onsets Multiple Rule Processes Language Alive! Going Nucular Suprasegmentals Syllables The Structure of the Syllable Phonotactics Children's Syllables Syllable Structure Variety Slips of the Tongue and Syllables Stress Intonation Linguistics in the News Tone Languages and Perfect Pitch Did You Know...? Abbish versus Ubby Dubby Accent on Linguistics and Reading Summary Sources and Resources Review, Practice, and Explore Morphology: Words and Their Parts Morphemes and Meaning Morphemes and Syllables Recognizing Morphemes Word Classes Content Words Function Words Did You Know...? Pooh on Pronouns Word Classes and Our Mental Lexicon Free and Bound Morphemes Affixes Language Alive! Embiggen His Soul! Roots Derivational Affixation Language Alive! What about Cranapple? Language Alive! Word-orama! Affixation and Our Mental Lexicon Drawing Word Trees Word Trees and Ambiguity Inflectional Affixation Inflectional Affixation of English Nouns Number Linguistics in the News Arkansas's Apostrophe Case Gender Language Alive! The Battle over Whom Inflectional Affixation of English Verbs Infinitives, Present Tense, and Past Tense Present and Past Participles Suppletive Verbs and Adjectives Language Alive! Ain't Ain't Had It Easy! Accent on Field Linguistics Summary Sources and Resources Review, Practice, and Explore Morphological Typology and Word Formation Morphological Typology Sunthetic Languages Did You Know...? Solid Roundish Objects and Mushy Matter Analytic Languages Mixed Typological Systems The Morphology of Other Languages Word Formation Processes Slang versus New Words Linguistics in the News F***ing Brilliant! FCC Rulings on Profanity Recent New Words Did You Know...? The Truth about Truthiness Coining Compounding Eponyms Blends Conversions Language Alive! Blimey! Acronyms Language Alive! Ms Clipping Backformation Reduplication Accent on Lexicographers Summary Sources and Resources Review, Practice, and Explore Syntax: Heads and Phrases Nouns and Noun Pharases A Phrase Structure Rule for Noun Phrases Verbs and Verb Phrases Language Alive! How Many Modals? A Phrase Structure Rule for Verb Phrases Evidence for the Aux Position Language Alive! Don't Use Double Negatives.

NOT! Subject-Auxiliary Inversion English Do Insertion Emphatic and Main Verb Do Adjectives and Adjective Phrases Language Alive! English Didn't Always Have Do Adjective Phrase Positions A Variable Phrase Adverbs and Adverb Phrases Adverb Phrase Positions Linguistics in the News What's the Right Answer? Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases Prepositional Phrase Positions Did You Know...? Literary Prepositions Summary of Phrase Structure Rules Clauses Subjects and Predicates Independent and Subordinate Clauses What Is a Sentence? Accent on Teaching with Trees Summary Sources and Resources Review, Practice, and Explore Syntax: Phrase Structure and Syntactic Rules Hierarchical Structure and Ambiguity Ambiguity Recursion Linguistics in the News Starling Syntax? Silent Syntax Evidence for Phrases and Clauses Substitution Language Alive! Silent Pronoun? Pronouns and Ambiguity Pronoun Reference Did You Know...? Who Is They, Anyway? Conjunctions and Coordination Language Alive! Pronouns, Prestige, and Illogical Rules Coordination and Ambiguity Language Alive! Sex and Syntax Movement and Deletion Deep and Surface Structure Deletion Rules Verb Phrase Deletion Did You Know...? ``Does She...or Doesn't She?'' Gapping Constraints on Deletion Reordering Phrases: Movement Did You Know...? Passive Should Be Avoided? Constraints on Movement Wh-Movement Accent on Psycholinguists Summary Sources and Resources Review, Practice, and Explore Semantics: Making Meaning with Words Making Meaning Semantic Deviance Lexical Semantics Meaning Classifications: Semantic Features Noun Classes Language Alive! Is the Team Playing? Are the Team Playing? Entailment and Markedness Meaning Subclassifications: Semantic Fields Meaning Relationships: The Nyms Opposite Meanings: Antonymy Did You Know...? Can Something Be Very Dead? Similar Meanings: Synonymy Euphemisms Meaning Categories: Hyponymy Related Meanings: Polysemy Different Meanings: Homonymy Many Meanings: Lexical Ambiguity Vagueness Linguistics in the News Talking Right...and Left Meaning Change: Semantic Shift Making New Meanings: Figurative Language Language Alive! Shifts in Meaning: Progress or Decay? Connecting Meanings: Metaphor Types of Metaphors Did You Know...? Hearing Colors Comparing Meanings: Simile Idioms Accent on Linguistics and Computers Summary Sources and Resources Review, Practice, and Explore Semantics and Pragmatics: Making Meaning with Sentences Sentence Semantics: The Linguistic Meaning of Sentences Propositions and Truth Conditions When Sentences Don't Express Propositions Analytic and Synthetic Sentences When Meanings Overlap: Entailment and Paraphrase Sentences That Can't Be True: Contradictions Presupposition When Semantics and Syntax Overlap: The Structure of Meaning Thematic Roles and Argument Structure Pragmatics: How Context Shapes Meaning Saying What You Mean and Meaning What You Say: Speech Acts Cooperative Talk: Conversational Rules Linguistics in the News The Language of the Piraha Manipulating Maxims Did You Know...? The Cooperative Principle and Language Acquisition The Power of Politeness Language Alive! Culture Clash and Pragmatic Failure Honorifics and Forms of Address Register When Semantics and Pragmatics Overlap Definiteness Language Alive! Register as a Literary Device Deixis Did You Know...? I am You Language and Thought Linguistic Relativity and the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Examining the Evidence Mentalese Did You Know...? Lost in Translation Accent on Forensic Linguistics Summary Sources and Resources Review, Practice, and Explore The Early Story of English Finding Families: The Comparative Method Did You Know...? Pretty Grimm Tales Language Alive! False Cognates Indo-European Language Families Celtic Italic Hellenic Baltic Slavic Indo-Iranian Armenian Albanian Germanic Beyond Indo-European: Other Language Families The Germanic Branch of Indo-European English Emerges in the British Isles Old English Vocabulary Language Alive! Pagan Fossils Did You Know...? Runic Writing and the Futhorc Old English Morphology Strong and Weak Nouns Strong and Weak Adjectives Strong and Weak Verbs and a Two-Tense System Old English Syntax Old English Word Order Interrogative and Negative Sentences Old English Phonetics and Phonology English Meets French: Middle English Did You Know...? The Black Death, Rats, and Fleas Middle English Vocabulary Middle English Morphology Loss of Inflection Middle English Syntax Fixed SVO Order Middle English Auxiliary and Modal Verbs Interrogative and Negative Sentences Middle English Phonology From Synthetic to Analytic English Established Linguistics in the News Languages and Land Bridges The Birth of ``Correct'' English and Prescriptive Grammar Did You Know...? The Word According to Johnson Early Modern English Grammar The Early Modern English Vocabulary Explosion Accent on Philologists Summary Sources and Resources Review, Practice, and Explore English Goes Global What Is a Dialect? The Origins of American English British English goes to the New World British English Influences on American English American Regional Dialects Dialects and Settlement Patterns Drawing Dialect Boundaries Appalachian English New England English American ``English'' Vocabulary Ethnic Dialects African American English Did You Know...? The Ann Arbor Trial Native American English Lumbee English Chicano English Social Dialects Social Networks Communities of Practice Social Class and Language Attitudes Linguistics in the News Linguistic Profiling English Keeps Traveling Australian English Caribbean English English in Asia Did You Know...? Aladdin Speaks Standard English? English in Africa English as a Global Language Language Variation and Language Discrimination Language Alive! German Goes from Good to Bad Standard English and ``General American'' Dialect Pride Language Aliv! Urban Dictionary The Future of English Dialects Accent on Dialect Coaches Summary Sources and Resources Review, Practice, and Explore Representing Language: The Written Word A Brief History of Writing Logograms and Phonograms Did You Know...? Hieroglyphics Did You Know...? Cuneiform Alphabets The Development of English Spelling Old English Writing and Spelling Language Alive! Ye Olde Confusion Middle English Spelling Toward Modern English Spelling Attempts at Spelling Reform Linguistics in the News The CSIs of Language The Development of English Punctuation Early Punctuation Modern Punctuation Punctuation ``Errors'' Writing Rules, Standardization, and Authority Language Alive! The Power of Word The Power of the Dictionary Writing Registers and Forms Electronic English Language Alive! Smileys Written Standards in Flux Language Alive! Are You Ever Alright? The Effects of Print Accent on Copy Editors Summary Sources and Resources Review, Practice, and Explore The Life Cycle of Language Language Origins A Mother Tongue? Language Alive! The Origins of American Sign Language A Linguistic Big Bang? Why Don't Apes Do It? Language Genesis Creoles Revisited Did You Know...? Chinook Jargon Jamaican Creole Hawaiian Creole English Tok Pisin Gullah and African American English Language Shift Linguistics in the News Sundance Features The Linguists Latin Native American Languages Norman French in England Language Alive! Esperanto: A Failed Lingua Franca Language Planning English-Only Laws Did You Know...? Ketchup-Only Law Language Revitalization Hebrew Welsh Hawaiian Native American Languages Cherokee Lushootseed Did You Know...? Language Preservation in Action Navajo Accent on What Linguists Can Do Summary Sources and Resources Review, Practice, and Explore Bibliography Glossary Index of Languages Index